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Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences
To cope with predation, many prey species have developed inducible defenses in terms of morphology, behavior, and life history. Rotifers were the first model organisms used to evaluate the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in aquatic ecosystems. Since the middle of last century, only visib...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495802/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28674414 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04809-z |
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author | Yin, Xuwang Jin, Wen Zhou, Yanchun Wang, Peipei Zhao, Wen |
author_facet | Yin, Xuwang Jin, Wen Zhou, Yanchun Wang, Peipei Zhao, Wen |
author_sort | Yin, Xuwang |
collection | PubMed |
description | To cope with predation, many prey species have developed inducible defenses in terms of morphology, behavior, and life history. Rotifers were the first model organisms used to evaluate the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in aquatic ecosystems. Since the middle of last century, only visible morphological defenses, such as spine development, have been found and only in a few rotifer species. Given the development of ultrastructural defenses is taxonomically widespread in aquatic ecosystems, we hypothesize that rotifer prey, particularly small-sized species, can develop such inducible defenses. We evaluated morphological response of two common Brachionus herbivores (B. calyciflorus and B. angularis) to predatory rotifer Asplanchna brightwellii. Results confirmed existence of predator-induced ultrastructural defenses, which are expressed as increased lorica thickness and enhanced lorica hardness. Such inducible defenses are more evident and effective in the smaller sized B. angularis, leading to higher fitness of B. angularis in predator-prey interactions. As anticipated, development of defenses has inevitable fitness costs manifested as decreased reproduction or reduced sex investment. Our results not only extend understanding of inducible ultrastructural defense to other planktonic taxa that were previously observed only in cladocerans, but also verify effective mechanical protection of such hidden defensive morphology. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5495802 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54958022017-07-07 Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences Yin, Xuwang Jin, Wen Zhou, Yanchun Wang, Peipei Zhao, Wen Sci Rep Article To cope with predation, many prey species have developed inducible defenses in terms of morphology, behavior, and life history. Rotifers were the first model organisms used to evaluate the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in aquatic ecosystems. Since the middle of last century, only visible morphological defenses, such as spine development, have been found and only in a few rotifer species. Given the development of ultrastructural defenses is taxonomically widespread in aquatic ecosystems, we hypothesize that rotifer prey, particularly small-sized species, can develop such inducible defenses. We evaluated morphological response of two common Brachionus herbivores (B. calyciflorus and B. angularis) to predatory rotifer Asplanchna brightwellii. Results confirmed existence of predator-induced ultrastructural defenses, which are expressed as increased lorica thickness and enhanced lorica hardness. Such inducible defenses are more evident and effective in the smaller sized B. angularis, leading to higher fitness of B. angularis in predator-prey interactions. As anticipated, development of defenses has inevitable fitness costs manifested as decreased reproduction or reduced sex investment. Our results not only extend understanding of inducible ultrastructural defense to other planktonic taxa that were previously observed only in cladocerans, but also verify effective mechanical protection of such hidden defensive morphology. Nature Publishing Group UK 2017-07-03 /pmc/articles/PMC5495802/ /pubmed/28674414 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04809-z Text en © The Author(s) 2017 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Yin, Xuwang Jin, Wen Zhou, Yanchun Wang, Peipei Zhao, Wen Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
title | Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
title_full | Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
title_fullStr | Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
title_full_unstemmed | Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
title_short | Hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
title_sort | hidden defensive morphology in rotifers: benefits, costs, and fitness consequences |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495802/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28674414 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04809-z |
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