Cargando…
Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance
Background: As the Millennium Development Goals ended, and were replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals, efforts have been made to evaluate the achievements and performance of official development assistance (ODA) in the health sector. In this study, we explore trends in the expansion of water...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Taylor & Francis
2017
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5496049/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604256 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327170 |
_version_ | 1783247890098946048 |
---|---|
author | Cha, Seungman Mankadi, Paul Mansiangi Elhag, Mousab Siddig Lee, Yongjoo Jin, Yan |
author_facet | Cha, Seungman Mankadi, Paul Mansiangi Elhag, Mousab Siddig Lee, Yongjoo Jin, Yan |
author_sort | Cha, Seungman |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: As the Millennium Development Goals ended, and were replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals, efforts have been made to evaluate the achievements and performance of official development assistance (ODA) in the health sector. In this study, we explore trends in the expansion of water and sanitation coverage in developing countries and the performance of ODA. Design: We explored inequality across developing countries by income level, and investigated how ODA for water and sanitation was committed by country, region, and income level. Changes in inequality were tested via slope changes by investigating the interaction of year and income level with a likelihood ratio test. A random effects model was applied according to the results of the Hausman test. Results: The slope of the linear trend between economic level and sanitation coverage has declined over time. However, a random effects model suggested that the change in slope across years was not significant (e.g. for the slope change between 2000 and 2010: likelihood ratio χ(2) = 2.49, probability > χ(2) = 0.1146). A similar pro-rich pattern across developing countries and a non-significant change in the slope associated with different economic levels were demonstrated for water coverage. Our analysis shows that the inequality of water and sanitation coverage among countries across the world has not been addressed effectively during the past decade. Our findings demonstrate that the countries with the least coverage persistently received far less ODA per capita than did countries with much more extensive water and sanitation coverage, suggesting that ODA for water and sanitation is poorly targeted. Conclusion: The most deprived countries should receive more attention for water and sanitation improvements from the world health community. A strong political commitment to ODA targeting the countries with the least coverage is needed at the global level. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5496049 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Taylor & Francis |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54960492017-07-11 Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance Cha, Seungman Mankadi, Paul Mansiangi Elhag, Mousab Siddig Lee, Yongjoo Jin, Yan Glob Health Action Original Article Background: As the Millennium Development Goals ended, and were replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals, efforts have been made to evaluate the achievements and performance of official development assistance (ODA) in the health sector. In this study, we explore trends in the expansion of water and sanitation coverage in developing countries and the performance of ODA. Design: We explored inequality across developing countries by income level, and investigated how ODA for water and sanitation was committed by country, region, and income level. Changes in inequality were tested via slope changes by investigating the interaction of year and income level with a likelihood ratio test. A random effects model was applied according to the results of the Hausman test. Results: The slope of the linear trend between economic level and sanitation coverage has declined over time. However, a random effects model suggested that the change in slope across years was not significant (e.g. for the slope change between 2000 and 2010: likelihood ratio χ(2) = 2.49, probability > χ(2) = 0.1146). A similar pro-rich pattern across developing countries and a non-significant change in the slope associated with different economic levels were demonstrated for water coverage. Our analysis shows that the inequality of water and sanitation coverage among countries across the world has not been addressed effectively during the past decade. Our findings demonstrate that the countries with the least coverage persistently received far less ODA per capita than did countries with much more extensive water and sanitation coverage, suggesting that ODA for water and sanitation is poorly targeted. Conclusion: The most deprived countries should receive more attention for water and sanitation improvements from the world health community. A strong political commitment to ODA targeting the countries with the least coverage is needed at the global level. Taylor & Francis 2017-06-12 /pmc/articles/PMC5496049/ /pubmed/28604256 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327170 Text en © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Cha, Seungman Mankadi, Paul Mansiangi Elhag, Mousab Siddig Lee, Yongjoo Jin, Yan Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
title | Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
title_full | Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
title_fullStr | Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
title_full_unstemmed | Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
title_short | Trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
title_sort | trends of improved water and sanitation coverage around the globe between 1990 and 2010: inequality among countries and performance of official development assistance |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5496049/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604256 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327170 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT chaseungman trendsofimprovedwaterandsanitationcoveragearoundtheglobebetween1990and2010inequalityamongcountriesandperformanceofofficialdevelopmentassistance AT mankadipaulmansiangi trendsofimprovedwaterandsanitationcoveragearoundtheglobebetween1990and2010inequalityamongcountriesandperformanceofofficialdevelopmentassistance AT elhagmousabsiddig trendsofimprovedwaterandsanitationcoveragearoundtheglobebetween1990and2010inequalityamongcountriesandperformanceofofficialdevelopmentassistance AT leeyongjoo trendsofimprovedwaterandsanitationcoveragearoundtheglobebetween1990and2010inequalityamongcountriesandperformanceofofficialdevelopmentassistance AT jinyan trendsofimprovedwaterandsanitationcoveragearoundtheglobebetween1990and2010inequalityamongcountriesandperformanceofofficialdevelopmentassistance |