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The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data

BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature highlights that racial discrimination has negative impacts on child health, although most studies have been limited to an examination of direct forms of racism using cross-sectional data. We aim to provide further insights on the impact of early exposure to r...

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Autores principales: Shepherd, Carrington C.J., Li, Jianghong, Cooper, Matthew N., Hopkins, Katrina D., Farrant, Brad M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5496226/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673295
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0612-0
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author Shepherd, Carrington C.J.
Li, Jianghong
Cooper, Matthew N.
Hopkins, Katrina D.
Farrant, Brad M.
author_facet Shepherd, Carrington C.J.
Li, Jianghong
Cooper, Matthew N.
Hopkins, Katrina D.
Farrant, Brad M.
author_sort Shepherd, Carrington C.J.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature highlights that racial discrimination has negative impacts on child health, although most studies have been limited to an examination of direct forms of racism using cross-sectional data. We aim to provide further insights on the impact of early exposure to racism on child health using longitudinal data among Indigenous children in Australia and multiple indicators of racial discrimination. METHODS: We used data on 1239 Indigenous children aged 5–10 years from Waves 1–6 (2008–2013) of Footprints in Time, a longitudinal study of Indigenous children across Australia. We examined associations between three dimensions of carer-reported racial discrimination (measuring the direct experiences of children and vicarious exposure by their primary carer and family) and a range of physical and mental health outcomes. Analysis was conducted using multivariate logistic regression within a multilevel framework. RESULTS: Two-fifths (40%) of primary carers, 45% of families and 14% of Indigenous children aged 5–10 years were reported to have experienced racial discrimination at some point in time, with 28–40% of these experiencing it persistently (reported at multiple time points). Primary carer and child experiences of racial discrimination were each associated with poor child mental health status (high risk of clinically significant emotional or behavioural difficulties), sleep difficulties, obesity and asthma, but not with child general health or injury. Children exposed to persistent vicarious racial discrimination were more likely to have sleep difficulties and asthma in multivariate models than those with a time-limited exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that direct and persistent vicarious racial discrimination are detrimental to the physical and mental health of Indigenous children in Australia, and suggest that prolonged and more frequent exposure to racial discrimination that starts in the early lifecourse can impact on multiple domains of health in later life. Tackling and reducing racism should be an integral part of policy and intervention aimed at improving the health of Australian Indigenous children and thereby reducing health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0612-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-54962262017-07-05 The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data Shepherd, Carrington C.J. Li, Jianghong Cooper, Matthew N. Hopkins, Katrina D. Farrant, Brad M. Int J Equity Health Research BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature highlights that racial discrimination has negative impacts on child health, although most studies have been limited to an examination of direct forms of racism using cross-sectional data. We aim to provide further insights on the impact of early exposure to racism on child health using longitudinal data among Indigenous children in Australia and multiple indicators of racial discrimination. METHODS: We used data on 1239 Indigenous children aged 5–10 years from Waves 1–6 (2008–2013) of Footprints in Time, a longitudinal study of Indigenous children across Australia. We examined associations between three dimensions of carer-reported racial discrimination (measuring the direct experiences of children and vicarious exposure by their primary carer and family) and a range of physical and mental health outcomes. Analysis was conducted using multivariate logistic regression within a multilevel framework. RESULTS: Two-fifths (40%) of primary carers, 45% of families and 14% of Indigenous children aged 5–10 years were reported to have experienced racial discrimination at some point in time, with 28–40% of these experiencing it persistently (reported at multiple time points). Primary carer and child experiences of racial discrimination were each associated with poor child mental health status (high risk of clinically significant emotional or behavioural difficulties), sleep difficulties, obesity and asthma, but not with child general health or injury. Children exposed to persistent vicarious racial discrimination were more likely to have sleep difficulties and asthma in multivariate models than those with a time-limited exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that direct and persistent vicarious racial discrimination are detrimental to the physical and mental health of Indigenous children in Australia, and suggest that prolonged and more frequent exposure to racial discrimination that starts in the early lifecourse can impact on multiple domains of health in later life. Tackling and reducing racism should be an integral part of policy and intervention aimed at improving the health of Australian Indigenous children and thereby reducing health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0612-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2017-07-03 /pmc/articles/PMC5496226/ /pubmed/28673295 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0612-0 Text en © The Author(s). 2017 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research
Shepherd, Carrington C.J.
Li, Jianghong
Cooper, Matthew N.
Hopkins, Katrina D.
Farrant, Brad M.
The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
title The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
title_full The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
title_fullStr The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
title_full_unstemmed The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
title_short The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
title_sort impact of racial discrimination on the health of australian indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5496226/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673295
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0612-0
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