Cigarette smoke differentially affects IL‐13‐induced gene expression in human airway epithelial cells

Allergic airways inflammation in asthma is characterized by an airway epithelial gene signature composed of POSTN,CLCA1, and SERPINB2. This Th2 gene signature is proposed as a tool to classify patients with asthma into Th2‐high and Th2‐low phenotypes. However, many asthmatics smoke and the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the epithelial Th2 gene signature are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the combined effect of IL‐13 and whole cigarette smoke (CS) on the Th2 gene signature and the mucin‐related genes MUC5AC and SPDEF in air–liquid interface differentiated human bronchial (ALI‐PBEC) and tracheal epithelial cells (ALI‐PTEC). Cultures were exposed to IL‐13 for 14 days followed by 5 days of IL‐13 with CS exposure. Alternatively, cultures were exposed once daily to CS for 14 days, followed by 5 days CS with IL‐13. POSTN,SERPINB2, and CLCA1 expression were measured 24 h after the last exposure to CS and IL‐13. In both models POSTN,SERPINB2, and CLCA1 expression were increased by IL‐13. CS markedly affected the IL‐13‐induced Th2 gene signature as indicated by a reduced POSTN,CLCA1, and MUC5AC expression in both models. In contrast, IL‐13‐induced SERPINB2 expression remained unaffected by CS, whereas SPDEF expression was additively increased. Importantly, cessation of CS exposure failed to restore IL‐13‐induced POSTN and CLCA1 expression. We show for the first time that CS differentially affects the IL‐13‐induced gene signature for Th2‐high asthma. These findings provide novel insights into the interaction between Th2 inflammation and cigarette smoke that is important for asthma pathogenesis and biomarker‐guided therapy in asthma.