Selective Separation of Chromium Species from Soils by Single-Step Extraction Methods: a Critical Appraisal

A critical appraisal of single-step extraction procedures of chromium species from soil was done in terms of their selectivity towards Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. Samples of natural mineral and organic soil and samples of soil enriched with different chromium compounds of various solubility (in liquid or solid form) were used to simulate contamination of soil by liquid and solid wastes. The efficiency of extraction of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species with various reagents, e.g. acetic acid, chelating agents (EDTA, DTPA) or inorganic salts (phosphates and carbonates), was evaluated on the basis of recovery results obtained for enriched samples. None of used reagents allow for quantitative extraction of added Cr(III) form. Procedures based on extraction of soil with Na(2)CO(3) at room and elevated temperature (90–95 °C) were suitable for extraction of Cr(VI) species from mineral soil, whereas for organic soil, the procedure based on extraction with Na(2)CO(3) at room temperature was recommended. The developed extraction procedures were validated using certified reference material (CRM 041 soil) and applied for analysis of contaminated soil samples. The studies showed that the physical state of waste, initial form and oxidation state of chromium and soil properties influenced the final chromium species and their mobility in soil, which have an impact on contamination of environment. The analysis of contaminated soil samples from a tannery area showed that the share of Cr(VI) was very low (only 0.8–4.5%) despite the high total content of chromium, which confirmed that chromium was present in immobile forms.