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Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions
Using different experimental techniques we visualize a cloud of gas in water that is produced electrochemically by the alternating polarity process. Liquid enriched with gas does not contain bubbles strongly scattering visible light but its refractive index changes significantly near the electrodes....
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5519201/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28727812 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181727 |
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author | Postnikov, Alexander V. Uvarov, Ilia V. Lokhanin, Mikhail V. Svetovoy, Vitaly B. |
author_facet | Postnikov, Alexander V. Uvarov, Ilia V. Lokhanin, Mikhail V. Svetovoy, Vitaly B. |
author_sort | Postnikov, Alexander V. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Using different experimental techniques we visualize a cloud of gas in water that is produced electrochemically by the alternating polarity process. Liquid enriched with gas does not contain bubbles strongly scattering visible light but its refractive index changes significantly near the electrodes. The change of the refractive index is a collective effect of bulk nanobubbles with a diameter smaller than 200 nm. Any alternative explanation fails to explain the magnitude of the effect. Spatial structure of the cloud is investigated with the optical lever method. Its dynamics is visualised observing optical distortion of the electrode images or using differential interference contrast method. The cloud covers concentric electrodes, in a steady state it is roughly hemispherical with a size two times larger than the size of the electrode structure. When the electrical pulses are switched off the cloud disappears in less than one second. The total concentration of gases can reach very high value estimated as 3.5 × 10(20) cm(−3) that corresponds to an effective supersaturation of 500 and 150 for hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5519201 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-55192012017-08-07 Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions Postnikov, Alexander V. Uvarov, Ilia V. Lokhanin, Mikhail V. Svetovoy, Vitaly B. PLoS One Research Article Using different experimental techniques we visualize a cloud of gas in water that is produced electrochemically by the alternating polarity process. Liquid enriched with gas does not contain bubbles strongly scattering visible light but its refractive index changes significantly near the electrodes. The change of the refractive index is a collective effect of bulk nanobubbles with a diameter smaller than 200 nm. Any alternative explanation fails to explain the magnitude of the effect. Spatial structure of the cloud is investigated with the optical lever method. Its dynamics is visualised observing optical distortion of the electrode images or using differential interference contrast method. The cloud covers concentric electrodes, in a steady state it is roughly hemispherical with a size two times larger than the size of the electrode structure. When the electrical pulses are switched off the cloud disappears in less than one second. The total concentration of gases can reach very high value estimated as 3.5 × 10(20) cm(−3) that corresponds to an effective supersaturation of 500 and 150 for hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. Public Library of Science 2017-07-20 /pmc/articles/PMC5519201/ /pubmed/28727812 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181727 Text en © 2017 Postnikov et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Postnikov, Alexander V. Uvarov, Ilia V. Lokhanin, Mikhail V. Svetovoy, Vitaly B. Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
title | Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
title_full | Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
title_fullStr | Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
title_full_unstemmed | Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
title_short | Electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
title_sort | electrically controlled cloud of bulk nanobubbles in water solutions |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5519201/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28727812 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181727 |
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