Photoluminescence associated with the site occupations of Ho(3+) ions in BaTiO(3)

A nominal (Ba(1−x)Ho(x))Ti(1−x/4)O(3) (x = 0.01) (BHTH) ceramic with a single-phase tetragonal structure was prepared at 1400 °C using the solid-state reaction method. The analysis on the defect chemistry revealed that the real formula of BHTH is (Ba(1−x)Ho(3x/4))(Ti(1−x/4)Ho(x/4))O(3) with Ba vacancies via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Photoluminescence (PL) was investigated on the basis of excitation with different wavelength lasers. The results indicated that under 488-nm excitation, PL and Raman scattering can occur simultaneously as two distinct optical processes for BHTH ceramic powders, and the strongest PL band at 564 nm was discovered and verified to originate from the (5)G(6)/(5)F(1) → (5)I(7) transition of Ho(3+) ions on the Ti sites in the BaTiO(3) lattice. Upon 532- and 638-nm excitations, three PL bands of (5)F(4)/(5)S(2) → (5)I(8), (5)F(5) → (5)I(8), and (5)F(4)/(5)S(2) → (5)I(7) transitions are attributed to the contributions from Ho(3+) ions on the Ba sites. The common Raman spectrum of BaTiO(3) can be observed without PL disturbance using 785-nm excitation wavelength. The PL effect may provide a probe for the site occupations of Ho(3+) ions in widely-used BaTiO(3) dielectric ceramics co-doped with Ho(3+) and other dopants.