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Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination

Similar to the multi-hit theory of schizophrenia, social behavior pathologies are mediated by multiple factors across generations, likely acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. Exposure to social adversity, especially during early life, has been proposed to induce depression sympto...

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Autores principales: Hicks-Nelson, Alexandria, Beamer, Gillian, Gurel, Kursat, Cooper, Rachel, Nephew, Benjamin C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532602/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753980
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070089
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author Hicks-Nelson, Alexandria
Beamer, Gillian
Gurel, Kursat
Cooper, Rachel
Nephew, Benjamin C.
author_facet Hicks-Nelson, Alexandria
Beamer, Gillian
Gurel, Kursat
Cooper, Rachel
Nephew, Benjamin C.
author_sort Hicks-Nelson, Alexandria
collection PubMed
description Similar to the multi-hit theory of schizophrenia, social behavior pathologies are mediated by multiple factors across generations, likely acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. Exposure to social adversity, especially during early life, has been proposed to induce depression symptoms through immune mediated mechanisms. Basal immune factors are altered in a variety of neurobehavioral models. In the current study, we assessed two aspects of a transgenerational chronic social stress (CSS) rat model and its effects on the immune system. First, we asked whether exposure of F0 dams and their F1 litters to CSS changes basal levels of IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, and social behavior in CSS F1 female juvenile rats. Second, we asked whether the F2 generation could generate normal immunological responses following vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). We report several changes in the associations between social behaviors and cytokines in the F1 juvenile offspring of the CSS model. It is suggested that changes in the immune–behavior relationships in F1 juveniles indicate the early stages of immune mediated disruption of social behavior that becomes more apparent in F1 dams and the F2 generation. We also report preliminary evidence of elevated IL-6 and impaired interferon-gamma responses in BCG-vaccinated F2 females. In conclusion, transgenerational social stress alters both immune–behavior associations and responses to vaccination. It is hypothesized that the effects of social stress may accumulate over generations through changes in the immune system, establishing the immune system as an effective preventative or treatment target for social behavior pathologies.
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spelling pubmed-55326022017-08-07 Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination Hicks-Nelson, Alexandria Beamer, Gillian Gurel, Kursat Cooper, Rachel Nephew, Benjamin C. Brain Sci Article Similar to the multi-hit theory of schizophrenia, social behavior pathologies are mediated by multiple factors across generations, likely acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. Exposure to social adversity, especially during early life, has been proposed to induce depression symptoms through immune mediated mechanisms. Basal immune factors are altered in a variety of neurobehavioral models. In the current study, we assessed two aspects of a transgenerational chronic social stress (CSS) rat model and its effects on the immune system. First, we asked whether exposure of F0 dams and their F1 litters to CSS changes basal levels of IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, and social behavior in CSS F1 female juvenile rats. Second, we asked whether the F2 generation could generate normal immunological responses following vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). We report several changes in the associations between social behaviors and cytokines in the F1 juvenile offspring of the CSS model. It is suggested that changes in the immune–behavior relationships in F1 juveniles indicate the early stages of immune mediated disruption of social behavior that becomes more apparent in F1 dams and the F2 generation. We also report preliminary evidence of elevated IL-6 and impaired interferon-gamma responses in BCG-vaccinated F2 females. In conclusion, transgenerational social stress alters both immune–behavior associations and responses to vaccination. It is hypothesized that the effects of social stress may accumulate over generations through changes in the immune system, establishing the immune system as an effective preventative or treatment target for social behavior pathologies. MDPI 2017-07-21 /pmc/articles/PMC5532602/ /pubmed/28753980 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070089 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Hicks-Nelson, Alexandria
Beamer, Gillian
Gurel, Kursat
Cooper, Rachel
Nephew, Benjamin C.
Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination
title Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination
title_full Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination
title_fullStr Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination
title_full_unstemmed Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination
title_short Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune–Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination
title_sort transgenerational social stress alters immune–behavior associations and the response to vaccination
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532602/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753980
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070089
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