Overcoming the Intrinsic Difference between Hydrophilic CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) and Hydrophobic C(60) Thin Films to Improve the Photovoltaic Performance

Dimethylformamide/dimethyl sulfoxide solvent mixtures were used as the CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) (MAPbI(3)) precursor solvent in a one-step spin coating method to fabricate smooth and hydrophilic crystalline MAPbI(3) thin films on top of hydrophobic carbon-60 (C(60)) thin film for highly efficient photovoltaics. The structural, optical, and excitonic characteristics of the resultant MAPbI(3) thin films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic-force microscopy, absorbance spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectrometry, and nanosecond time-resolved PL. There was a trade-off between the crystallinity and surface roughness of the MAPbI(3) thin films, which strongly influenced the device performance of MAPbI(3)-based photovoltaics. The high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.55% was achieved by improving the wettability of MAPbI(3) precursor solutions on top of the C(60) thin films. In addition, it was predicted that the fill factor and PCE could be further improved by increasing the crystallinity of the MAPbI(3) thin film while keeping it smooth.