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Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions
Pyrethrins are nowadays widely used for prevention and control of insects in leaf lettuce. However, there is a concern about the pesticide residue in leaf lettuce. A reliable analytical method for determination of pyrethrins (pyrethrin—and П, cinerin І and П, and jasmolin І and П) in leaf lettuce wa...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551260/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28754023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070822 |
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author | Pan, Lixiang Feng, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Hongyan |
author_facet | Pan, Lixiang Feng, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Hongyan |
author_sort | Pan, Lixiang |
collection | PubMed |
description | Pyrethrins are nowadays widely used for prevention and control of insects in leaf lettuce. However, there is a concern about the pesticide residue in leaf lettuce. A reliable analytical method for determination of pyrethrins (pyrethrin—and П, cinerin І and П, and jasmolin І and П) in leaf lettuce was developed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Recoveries of pyrethrins in leaf lettuce at three spiking levels were 99.4–104.0% with relative standard deviations of 0.9–3.1% (n = 5). Evaluation of dissipation and final residues of pyrethrins in leaf lettuce were determined at six different locations, including the open field, as well as under greenhouse conditions. The initial concentration of pyrethrins in greenhouse (0.57 mg/kg) was higher than in open field (0.25 mg/kg) and the half-life for pyrethrins disappearance in field lettuce (0.7 days) was less than that greenhouse lettuce (1.1 days). Factors such as rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, and crop growth rate are likely to have caused these results. The final residue in leaf lettuce was far below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) (1 mg/kg established by the European Union (EU), Australia, Korea, Japan). |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5551260 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-55512602017-08-11 Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions Pan, Lixiang Feng, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Hongyan Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Pyrethrins are nowadays widely used for prevention and control of insects in leaf lettuce. However, there is a concern about the pesticide residue in leaf lettuce. A reliable analytical method for determination of pyrethrins (pyrethrin—and П, cinerin І and П, and jasmolin І and П) in leaf lettuce was developed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Recoveries of pyrethrins in leaf lettuce at three spiking levels were 99.4–104.0% with relative standard deviations of 0.9–3.1% (n = 5). Evaluation of dissipation and final residues of pyrethrins in leaf lettuce were determined at six different locations, including the open field, as well as under greenhouse conditions. The initial concentration of pyrethrins in greenhouse (0.57 mg/kg) was higher than in open field (0.25 mg/kg) and the half-life for pyrethrins disappearance in field lettuce (0.7 days) was less than that greenhouse lettuce (1.1 days). Factors such as rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, and crop growth rate are likely to have caused these results. The final residue in leaf lettuce was far below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) (1 mg/kg established by the European Union (EU), Australia, Korea, Japan). MDPI 2017-07-21 2017-07 /pmc/articles/PMC5551260/ /pubmed/28754023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070822 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Pan, Lixiang Feng, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Hongyan Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions |
title | Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions |
title_full | Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions |
title_fullStr | Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions |
title_full_unstemmed | Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions |
title_short | Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions |
title_sort | dissipation and residues of pyrethrins in leaf lettuce under greenhouse and open field conditions |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551260/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28754023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070822 |
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