Cargando…

Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections

Pathogens transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies are neglected, as they cause infectious diseases that are not on the priority list of national and international public health systems. However, the infections caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and viruses belonging to the Phlebovir...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Moriconi, Martina, Rugna, Gianluca, Calzolari, Mattia, Bellini, Romeo, Albieri, Alessandro, Angelini, Paola, Cagarelli, Roberto, Landini, Maria P., Charrel, Remi N., Varani, Stefania
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5552025/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28796786
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660
_version_ 1783256397268385792
author Moriconi, Martina
Rugna, Gianluca
Calzolari, Mattia
Bellini, Romeo
Albieri, Alessandro
Angelini, Paola
Cagarelli, Roberto
Landini, Maria P.
Charrel, Remi N.
Varani, Stefania
author_facet Moriconi, Martina
Rugna, Gianluca
Calzolari, Mattia
Bellini, Romeo
Albieri, Alessandro
Angelini, Paola
Cagarelli, Roberto
Landini, Maria P.
Charrel, Remi N.
Varani, Stefania
author_sort Moriconi, Martina
collection PubMed
description Pathogens transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies are neglected, as they cause infectious diseases that are not on the priority list of national and international public health systems. However, the infections caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and viruses belonging to the Phlebovirus genus (family Phenuiviridae)—the most significant group of viruses transmitted by sand flies—have a relevant role for human pathology. These infections are emerging in the Mediterranean region and will likely spread in forthcoming decades, posing a complex threat to human health. Four species and 2 hybrid strains of Leishmania are pathogenic for humans in the Mediterranean Basin, with an estimated annual incidence of 239,500–393,600 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 1,200–2,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Among the phleboviruses, Toscana virus can cause neuroinvasive infections, while other phleboviruses are responsible for a typical “3-day fever”; the actual incidence of Phlebovirus infections in the Mediterranean area is unknown, although at least 250 million people are exposed. Here, we reviewed the current literature on epidemiology of sand fly–borne infections in the Mediterranean Basin, with a focus on humans. Our analysis indicates the need for increased public health activities directed to determine the disease burden of these infections as well as to improve their surveillance. Among the emerging challenges concerning sand fly–borne pathogens, the relationships between sand fly–borne protozoa and viruses should be considered in future studies, including epidemiological links between Leishmania and phleboviruses as well as the conditional capacity for these pathogens to be involved in interactions that may evolve towards increased virulence.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-5552025
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2017
publisher Public Library of Science
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-55520252017-08-25 Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections Moriconi, Martina Rugna, Gianluca Calzolari, Mattia Bellini, Romeo Albieri, Alessandro Angelini, Paola Cagarelli, Roberto Landini, Maria P. Charrel, Remi N. Varani, Stefania PLoS Negl Trop Dis Review Pathogens transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies are neglected, as they cause infectious diseases that are not on the priority list of national and international public health systems. However, the infections caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and viruses belonging to the Phlebovirus genus (family Phenuiviridae)—the most significant group of viruses transmitted by sand flies—have a relevant role for human pathology. These infections are emerging in the Mediterranean region and will likely spread in forthcoming decades, posing a complex threat to human health. Four species and 2 hybrid strains of Leishmania are pathogenic for humans in the Mediterranean Basin, with an estimated annual incidence of 239,500–393,600 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 1,200–2,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Among the phleboviruses, Toscana virus can cause neuroinvasive infections, while other phleboviruses are responsible for a typical “3-day fever”; the actual incidence of Phlebovirus infections in the Mediterranean area is unknown, although at least 250 million people are exposed. Here, we reviewed the current literature on epidemiology of sand fly–borne infections in the Mediterranean Basin, with a focus on humans. Our analysis indicates the need for increased public health activities directed to determine the disease burden of these infections as well as to improve their surveillance. Among the emerging challenges concerning sand fly–borne pathogens, the relationships between sand fly–borne protozoa and viruses should be considered in future studies, including epidemiological links between Leishmania and phleboviruses as well as the conditional capacity for these pathogens to be involved in interactions that may evolve towards increased virulence. Public Library of Science 2017-08-10 /pmc/articles/PMC5552025/ /pubmed/28796786 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660 Text en © 2017 Moriconi et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Review
Moriconi, Martina
Rugna, Gianluca
Calzolari, Mattia
Bellini, Romeo
Albieri, Alessandro
Angelini, Paola
Cagarelli, Roberto
Landini, Maria P.
Charrel, Remi N.
Varani, Stefania
Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
title Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
title_full Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
title_fullStr Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
title_full_unstemmed Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
title_short Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
title_sort phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the mediterranean basin: human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5552025/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28796786
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660
work_keys_str_mv AT moriconimartina phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT rugnagianluca phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT calzolarimattia phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT belliniromeo phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT albierialessandro phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT angelinipaola phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT cagarelliroberto phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT landinimariap phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT charrelremin phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections
AT varanistefania phlebotominesandflybornepathogensinthemediterraneanbasinhumanleishmaniasisandphlebovirusinfections