TNFα induced up-regulation of Na(+),K(+),2Cl(−) cotransporter NKCC1 in hepatic ammonia clearance and cerebral ammonia toxicity

The devastating consequences of hepatic failure include hepatic encephalopathy, a severe, life threatening impairment of neuronal function. Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by impaired hepatic clearance of NH(4) (+). Cellular NH(4) (+) uptake is accomplished mainly by the Na(+),K(+),2Cl(−) cotransporter. Here we show that hepatic clearance of NH(4) (+) is impaired in TNFα deficient as well as TNFR1&TNFR2 double knockout mice, which both develop hyperammonemia. Despite impaired hepatic clearance of NH(4) (+), TNFα deficient mice and TNFR1 deficient mice were protected against acute ammonia intoxication. While 54% of the wild-type mice and 60% of TNFR2 deficient mice survived an NH(4) (+) load, virtually all TNFα deficient mice and TNFR1 deficient mice survived the treatment. Conversely, TNFα treatment of wild type mice sensitized the animals to the toxic effects of an NH(4) (+) load. The protection of TNFα-deficient mice against an NH(4) (+) load was paralleled by decreased cerebral expression of NKCC1. According to the present observations, inhibition of TNFα formation and/or NKCC1 may be strategies to favorably influence the clinical course of hepatic encephalopathy.