Electrochemical removal of stains from paper cultural relics based on the electrode system of conductive composite hydrogel and PbO(2)

Constructing methods for cleaning stains on paper artworks that meet the requirements of preservation of cultural relics are still challenging. In response to this problem, a novel electrochemical cleaning method and the preparation of corresponding electrodes were proposed. For this purpose, the conductive graphene (rGO)/polyacryamide (PAM)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite hydrogel as cathode and PbO(2)-based material as anode were prepared and characterized. The electrochemical cleaning efficiencies of real sample and mimicking paper artifacts were evaluated, and the effects of the electrochemical cleaning on paper itself were detected. Based on the above experiments, the following results were obtained. The composite hydrogel with attractive mechanical properties is mainly based on the hydrogen bond interactions between PAM chains and MMT. The results of cleaning efficiency revealed that the black mildew stains together with the yellowish foxing stains were almost completely eliminated within 6 min at 8 mA/cm(2), and various stains formed by tideline, foxing, organic dyes and drinks could be thoroughly removed at 4 mA/cm(2) within 5 min. In addition, the proposed cleaning method has advantages in local selectivity, easy control of cleaning course, and reusability, which represents a potential utility of this approach.