Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) histogram biomarkers for prediction of neoadjuvant treatment response in breast cancer patients

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prognostic capabilities of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) metrics and their ability to predict response to neoadjuvant treatment (NAT). Additionally, to observe changes in IVIM metrics between pre- and post-treatment MRI. METHODS: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study observed 31 breast cancer patients (32 lesions). Patients underwent standard bilateral breast MRI along with diffusion-weighted imaging before and after NAT. Six patients underwent an additional IVIM-MRI scan 12–14 weeks after initial scan and 2 cycles of treatment. In addition to apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) from monoexponential decay, IVIM mean values (tissue diffusivity D(t), perfusion fraction f(p), and pseudodiffusivity D(p)) and histogram metrics were derived using a biexponential model. An additional filter identified voxels of highly vascular tumor tissue (VTT), excluding necrotic or normal tissue. Clinical data include histology of biopsy and clinical response to treatment through RECIST assessment. Comparisons of treatment response were made using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS: Average, kurtosis, and skewness of pseudodiffusion D(p) significantly differentiated RECIST responders from nonresponders. ADC and D(t) values generally increased (∼70%) and VTT% values generally decreased (∼20%) post-treatment. CONCLUSION: D(p) metrics showed prognostic capabilities; slow and heterogeneous pseudodiffusion offer poor prognosis. Baseline ADC/D(t) parameters were not significant predictors of response. This work suggests that IVIM mean values and heterogeneity metrics may have prognostic value in the setting of breast cancer NAT.