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Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs
This article presents the results of an investigation on the coffin of Emperor Qianlong excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Zunhua, China. The composition, structure and lacquering techniques used in the manufacturing process were analyzed in this project. Stereoscopic M...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5570907/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28839264 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08933-8 |
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author | Hao, Xinying Wu, Hao Zhao, Yang Tong, Tong Li, Xiaoyuan Yang, Cui Tang, Yun Shen, Xinyu Tong, Hua |
author_facet | Hao, Xinying Wu, Hao Zhao, Yang Tong, Tong Li, Xiaoyuan Yang, Cui Tang, Yun Shen, Xinyu Tong, Hua |
author_sort | Hao, Xinying |
collection | PubMed |
description | This article presents the results of an investigation on the coffin of Emperor Qianlong excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Zunhua, China. The composition, structure and lacquering techniques used in the manufacturing process were analyzed in this project. Stereoscopic Microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, Raman, Double-shot Py-GC/MS were used as scientific analytical methods. The results show that the structure of the coffin body consists of a wooden body layer, a lacquer ash layer and a lacquer film pigment layer. The lacquer ash layer consists of nine stucco layers and ten fiber layers on top of each other in an alternating order. The lacquer film pigment layer consists of mineral pigments, lacquer sap, animal gelatin, drying oil, quartz sand and proteinaceous materials. Pigments used in the lacquer film include calcite white, carbon black, cinnabar red and gold. The presence of three distinctive catechols along with the other catechols’ and phenols’ profiles in the lacquer film matrix clearly indicate the species of the lacquer tree was Rhus. Vernicifera. Several distinctive lacquering techniques that improved the coffin body’s stability and mechanical strength were identified in the investigation, including the “wan lacquering”, “painting lacquer above the gold” and “Jin Jiao”. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5570907 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-55709072017-09-01 Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs Hao, Xinying Wu, Hao Zhao, Yang Tong, Tong Li, Xiaoyuan Yang, Cui Tang, Yun Shen, Xinyu Tong, Hua Sci Rep Article This article presents the results of an investigation on the coffin of Emperor Qianlong excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Zunhua, China. The composition, structure and lacquering techniques used in the manufacturing process were analyzed in this project. Stereoscopic Microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, Raman, Double-shot Py-GC/MS were used as scientific analytical methods. The results show that the structure of the coffin body consists of a wooden body layer, a lacquer ash layer and a lacquer film pigment layer. The lacquer ash layer consists of nine stucco layers and ten fiber layers on top of each other in an alternating order. The lacquer film pigment layer consists of mineral pigments, lacquer sap, animal gelatin, drying oil, quartz sand and proteinaceous materials. Pigments used in the lacquer film include calcite white, carbon black, cinnabar red and gold. The presence of three distinctive catechols along with the other catechols’ and phenols’ profiles in the lacquer film matrix clearly indicate the species of the lacquer tree was Rhus. Vernicifera. Several distinctive lacquering techniques that improved the coffin body’s stability and mechanical strength were identified in the investigation, including the “wan lacquering”, “painting lacquer above the gold” and “Jin Jiao”. Nature Publishing Group UK 2017-08-24 /pmc/articles/PMC5570907/ /pubmed/28839264 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08933-8 Text en © The Author(s) 2017 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Hao, Xinying Wu, Hao Zhao, Yang Tong, Tong Li, Xiaoyuan Yang, Cui Tang, Yun Shen, Xinyu Tong, Hua Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs |
title | Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs |
title_full | Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs |
title_fullStr | Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs |
title_full_unstemmed | Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs |
title_short | Analysis on the Composition/structure and Lacquering Techniques of the Coffin of Emperor Qianlong Excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs |
title_sort | analysis on the composition/structure and lacquering techniques of the coffin of emperor qianlong excavated from the eastern imperial tombs |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5570907/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28839264 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08933-8 |
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