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Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this di...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Healthcare
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574745/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28726212 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1 |
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author | Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A. Elbuluk, Nada |
author_facet | Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A. Elbuluk, Nada |
author_sort | Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Overall prevalence ranges widely at 1–50%, since values are typically calculated within a specific ethnic population within a geographic region. Histologically, melasma can display increased epidermal and/or dermal pigmentation, enlarged melanocytes, increased melanosomes, solar elastosis, dermal blood vessels, and, occasionally, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Various topical, oral, and procedural therapies have been successfully used to treat melasma. Traditional topical therapies including hydroquinone, tretinoin, corticosteroids, and triple combination creams; however, other synthetic and natural topical compounds have also shown varying efficacies. Promising oral therapies for melasma include tranexamic acid, Polypodium leucotomos, and glutathione. Procedures, including chemical peels, microneedling, radiofrequency, and lasers, are also often used as primary or adjunctive treatments for melasma. Notably, combination therapies within or across treatment modalities generally result in better efficacies than monotherapies. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histologic features of melasma, as well as treatments for this common, yet therapeutically challenging, condition. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5574745 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Springer Healthcare |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-55747452017-09-15 Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A. Elbuluk, Nada Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) Review Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Overall prevalence ranges widely at 1–50%, since values are typically calculated within a specific ethnic population within a geographic region. Histologically, melasma can display increased epidermal and/or dermal pigmentation, enlarged melanocytes, increased melanosomes, solar elastosis, dermal blood vessels, and, occasionally, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Various topical, oral, and procedural therapies have been successfully used to treat melasma. Traditional topical therapies including hydroquinone, tretinoin, corticosteroids, and triple combination creams; however, other synthetic and natural topical compounds have also shown varying efficacies. Promising oral therapies for melasma include tranexamic acid, Polypodium leucotomos, and glutathione. Procedures, including chemical peels, microneedling, radiofrequency, and lasers, are also often used as primary or adjunctive treatments for melasma. Notably, combination therapies within or across treatment modalities generally result in better efficacies than monotherapies. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histologic features of melasma, as well as treatments for this common, yet therapeutically challenging, condition. Springer Healthcare 2017-07-19 /pmc/articles/PMC5574745/ /pubmed/28726212 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2017 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Review Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A. Elbuluk, Nada Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review |
title | Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review |
title_full | Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review |
title_fullStr | Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review |
title_short | Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review |
title_sort | melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574745/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28726212 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1 |
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