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Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review

Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this di...

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Autores principales: Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A., Elbuluk, Nada
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Healthcare 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574745/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28726212
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1
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author Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A.
Elbuluk, Nada
author_facet Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A.
Elbuluk, Nada
author_sort Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A.
collection PubMed
description Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Overall prevalence ranges widely at 1–50%, since values are typically calculated within a specific ethnic population within a geographic region. Histologically, melasma can display increased epidermal and/or dermal pigmentation, enlarged melanocytes, increased melanosomes, solar elastosis, dermal blood vessels, and, occasionally, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Various topical, oral, and procedural therapies have been successfully used to treat melasma. Traditional topical therapies including hydroquinone, tretinoin, corticosteroids, and triple combination creams; however, other synthetic and natural topical compounds have also shown varying efficacies. Promising oral therapies for melasma include tranexamic acid, Polypodium leucotomos, and glutathione. Procedures, including chemical peels, microneedling, radiofrequency, and lasers, are also often used as primary or adjunctive treatments for melasma. Notably, combination therapies within or across treatment modalities generally result in better efficacies than monotherapies. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histologic features of melasma, as well as treatments for this common, yet therapeutically challenging, condition.
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spelling pubmed-55747452017-09-15 Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A. Elbuluk, Nada Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) Review Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Overall prevalence ranges widely at 1–50%, since values are typically calculated within a specific ethnic population within a geographic region. Histologically, melasma can display increased epidermal and/or dermal pigmentation, enlarged melanocytes, increased melanosomes, solar elastosis, dermal blood vessels, and, occasionally, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Various topical, oral, and procedural therapies have been successfully used to treat melasma. Traditional topical therapies including hydroquinone, tretinoin, corticosteroids, and triple combination creams; however, other synthetic and natural topical compounds have also shown varying efficacies. Promising oral therapies for melasma include tranexamic acid, Polypodium leucotomos, and glutathione. Procedures, including chemical peels, microneedling, radiofrequency, and lasers, are also often used as primary or adjunctive treatments for melasma. Notably, combination therapies within or across treatment modalities generally result in better efficacies than monotherapies. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histologic features of melasma, as well as treatments for this common, yet therapeutically challenging, condition. Springer Healthcare 2017-07-19 /pmc/articles/PMC5574745/ /pubmed/28726212 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2017 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Review
Ogbechie-Godec, Oluwatobi A.
Elbuluk, Nada
Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
title Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
title_full Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
title_fullStr Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
title_full_unstemmed Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
title_short Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review
title_sort melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574745/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28726212
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1
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