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New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) worldwide, leading to significant levels of immunocompromisation as well as morbidity and mortality in infants. Its main target of infection is the ciliated epithelium of the lungs...

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Autores principales: Gálvez, Nicolás M. S., Soto, Jorge A., Kalergis, Alexis M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578143/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28800119
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081753
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author Gálvez, Nicolás M. S.
Soto, Jorge A.
Kalergis, Alexis M.
author_facet Gálvez, Nicolás M. S.
Soto, Jorge A.
Kalergis, Alexis M.
author_sort Gálvez, Nicolás M. S.
collection PubMed
description Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) worldwide, leading to significant levels of immunocompromisation as well as morbidity and mortality in infants. Its main target of infection is the ciliated epithelium of the lungs and the host immune responses elicited is ineffective at achieving viral clearance. It is thought that the lack of effective immunity against hRSV is due in part to the activity of several viral proteins that modulate the host immune response, enhancing a Th2-like pro-inflammatory state, with the secretion of cytokines that promote the infiltration of immune cells to the lungs, with consequent damage. Furthermore, the adaptive immunity triggered by hRSV infection is characterized by weak cytotoxic T cell responses and secretion of low affinity antibodies by B cells. These features of hRSV infection have meant that, to date, no effective and safe vaccines have been licensed. In this article, we will review in detail the information regarding hRSV characteristics, pathology, and host immune response, along with several prophylactic treatments and vaccine prototypes. We will also expose significant data regarding the newly developed BCG-based vaccine that promotes protective cellular and humoral response against hRSV infection, which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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spelling pubmed-55781432017-09-05 New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV Gálvez, Nicolás M. S. Soto, Jorge A. Kalergis, Alexis M. Int J Mol Sci Review Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) worldwide, leading to significant levels of immunocompromisation as well as morbidity and mortality in infants. Its main target of infection is the ciliated epithelium of the lungs and the host immune responses elicited is ineffective at achieving viral clearance. It is thought that the lack of effective immunity against hRSV is due in part to the activity of several viral proteins that modulate the host immune response, enhancing a Th2-like pro-inflammatory state, with the secretion of cytokines that promote the infiltration of immune cells to the lungs, with consequent damage. Furthermore, the adaptive immunity triggered by hRSV infection is characterized by weak cytotoxic T cell responses and secretion of low affinity antibodies by B cells. These features of hRSV infection have meant that, to date, no effective and safe vaccines have been licensed. In this article, we will review in detail the information regarding hRSV characteristics, pathology, and host immune response, along with several prophylactic treatments and vaccine prototypes. We will also expose significant data regarding the newly developed BCG-based vaccine that promotes protective cellular and humoral response against hRSV infection, which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation. MDPI 2017-08-11 /pmc/articles/PMC5578143/ /pubmed/28800119 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081753 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Gálvez, Nicolás M. S.
Soto, Jorge A.
Kalergis, Alexis M.
New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV
title New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV
title_full New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV
title_fullStr New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV
title_full_unstemmed New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV
title_short New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV
title_sort new insights contributing to the development of effective vaccines and therapies to reduce the pathology caused by hrsv
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578143/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28800119
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081753
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