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Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a...

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Autores principales: Garg, Himanshu, Joshi, Anjali
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579491/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829402
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080237
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author Garg, Himanshu
Joshi, Anjali
author_facet Garg, Himanshu
Joshi, Anjali
author_sort Garg, Himanshu
collection PubMed
description Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis.
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spelling pubmed-55794912017-09-06 Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Anjali Viruses Review Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis. MDPI 2017-08-22 /pmc/articles/PMC5579491/ /pubmed/28829402 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080237 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Garg, Himanshu
Joshi, Anjali
Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
title Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
title_full Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
title_fullStr Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
title_full_unstemmed Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
title_short Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
title_sort host and viral factors in hiv-mediated bystander apoptosis
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579491/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829402
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080237
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