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Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579491/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829402 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080237 |
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author | Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Anjali |
author_facet | Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Anjali |
author_sort | Garg, Himanshu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5579491 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-55794912017-09-06 Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Anjali Viruses Review Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis. MDPI 2017-08-22 /pmc/articles/PMC5579491/ /pubmed/28829402 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080237 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Anjali Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis |
title | Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis |
title_full | Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis |
title_fullStr | Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis |
title_full_unstemmed | Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis |
title_short | Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis |
title_sort | host and viral factors in hiv-mediated bystander apoptosis |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579491/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829402 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080237 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT garghimanshu hostandviralfactorsinhivmediatedbystanderapoptosis AT joshianjali hostandviralfactorsinhivmediatedbystanderapoptosis |