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Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed durin...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580472/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28786952 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080215 |
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author | Nichols, Daniel Brian De Martini, William Cottrell, Jessica |
author_facet | Nichols, Daniel Brian De Martini, William Cottrell, Jessica |
author_sort | Nichols, Daniel Brian |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Leporipoxvirus. All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5580472 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-55804722017-09-06 Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis Nichols, Daniel Brian De Martini, William Cottrell, Jessica Viruses Review Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Leporipoxvirus. All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence. MDPI 2017-08-08 /pmc/articles/PMC5580472/ /pubmed/28786952 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080215 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Nichols, Daniel Brian De Martini, William Cottrell, Jessica Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis |
title | Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis |
title_full | Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis |
title_fullStr | Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis |
title_full_unstemmed | Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis |
title_short | Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis |
title_sort | poxviruses utilize multiple strategies to inhibit apoptosis |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580472/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28786952 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9080215 |
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