Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers and Orai channels jointly refill endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) via ER nanojunctions in vascular endothelial cells

We investigated the role of Na(+)/ Ca(2+) exchange (NCX) in the refilling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) in vascular endothelial cells under various conditions of cell stimulation and plasma membrane (PM) polarization. Better understanding of the mechanisms behind basic ER Ca(2+) content regulation is important, since current hypotheses on the possible ultimate causes of ER stress point to deterioration of the Ca(2+) transport mechanism to/from ER itself. We measured [Ca(2+)](i) temporal changes by Fura-2 fluorescence under experimental protocols that inhibit a host of transporters (NCX, Orai, non-selective transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA), Na(+)/ K(+) ATPase (NKA)) involved in the Ca(2+) communication between the extracellular space and the ER. Following histamine-stimulated ER Ca(2+) release, blockade of NCX Ca(2+)-influx mode (by 10 μM KB-R7943) diminished the ER refilling capacity by about 40%, while in Orai1 dominant negative-transfected cells NCX blockade attenuated ER refilling by about 60%. Conversely, inhibiting the ouabain sensitive NKA (10 nM ouabain), which may be localized in PM-ER junctions, increased the ER Ca(2+) releasable fraction by about 20%, thereby supporting the hypothesis that this process of privileged ER refilling is junction-mediated. Junctions were observed in the cell ultrastructure and their main parameters of membrane separation and linear extension were (9.6 ± 3.8) nm and (128 ± 63) nm, respectively. Our findings point to a process of privileged refilling of the ER, in which NCX and store-operated Ca(2+) entry via the stromal interaction molecule (STIM)-Orai system are the sole protagonists. These results shed light on the molecular machinery involved in the function of a previously hypothesized subplasmalemmal Ca(2+) control unit during ER refilling with extracellular Ca(2+). ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00424-017-1989-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.