Cargando…

Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio

Women of reproductive age often experience a variety of unpleasant symptoms prior to the onset of menstruation. While genetics may influence the variability of these symptoms and their severity among women, the exact causes remain unknown. We hypothesized that symptom variability originates from dif...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kaneoke, Yoshiki, Donishi, Tomohiro, Iwahara, Akihiko, Shimokawa, Toshio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5595152/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28936432
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00144
_version_ 1783263318177218560
author Kaneoke, Yoshiki
Donishi, Tomohiro
Iwahara, Akihiko
Shimokawa, Toshio
author_facet Kaneoke, Yoshiki
Donishi, Tomohiro
Iwahara, Akihiko
Shimokawa, Toshio
author_sort Kaneoke, Yoshiki
collection PubMed
description Women of reproductive age often experience a variety of unpleasant symptoms prior to the onset of menstruation. While genetics may influence the variability of these symptoms and their severity among women, the exact causes remain unknown. We hypothesized that symptom variability originates from differences in the embryonic environment and thus development caused by variation in exposure to sex hormones. We measured the second to fourth digit ratios (2D:4D) in 402 young women and investigated the potential relationships of this ratio premenstrual symptoms using a generalized linear model. We found that two models (one with two predictors such as both hands’ digit ratios and the other with the difference between the two digit ratios, Dr-l) were significantly different from the constant model as assessed by chi-square test. The right digit ratio and Dr-l were negatively related to the symptom scores, and the left digit ratio was related to the scores. When premenstrual symptoms were classified into eight categories, five categories, including pain, concentration, autonomic reaction, negative affect, and control were associated with the digit ratios and Dr-l. Behavioral changes and water retention were not predicted by them. Arousal was predicted by Dr-l. The right 2D:4D is thought to be determined by the balance of testosterone and estrogen levels during early embryogenesis and is not affected by postpartum levels of sex hormones, while the left 2D:4D might be affected by the other prenatal environmental factors. We conclude that the embryonic environment, including the relative concentration of sex hormones an embryo is exposed to, is associated with the severity of premenstrual symptoms once menarche is reached.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-5595152
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2017
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-55951522017-09-21 Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio Kaneoke, Yoshiki Donishi, Tomohiro Iwahara, Akihiko Shimokawa, Toshio Front Med (Lausanne) Medicine Women of reproductive age often experience a variety of unpleasant symptoms prior to the onset of menstruation. While genetics may influence the variability of these symptoms and their severity among women, the exact causes remain unknown. We hypothesized that symptom variability originates from differences in the embryonic environment and thus development caused by variation in exposure to sex hormones. We measured the second to fourth digit ratios (2D:4D) in 402 young women and investigated the potential relationships of this ratio premenstrual symptoms using a generalized linear model. We found that two models (one with two predictors such as both hands’ digit ratios and the other with the difference between the two digit ratios, Dr-l) were significantly different from the constant model as assessed by chi-square test. The right digit ratio and Dr-l were negatively related to the symptom scores, and the left digit ratio was related to the scores. When premenstrual symptoms were classified into eight categories, five categories, including pain, concentration, autonomic reaction, negative affect, and control were associated with the digit ratios and Dr-l. Behavioral changes and water retention were not predicted by them. Arousal was predicted by Dr-l. The right 2D:4D is thought to be determined by the balance of testosterone and estrogen levels during early embryogenesis and is not affected by postpartum levels of sex hormones, while the left 2D:4D might be affected by the other prenatal environmental factors. We conclude that the embryonic environment, including the relative concentration of sex hormones an embryo is exposed to, is associated with the severity of premenstrual symptoms once menarche is reached. Frontiers Media S.A. 2017-09-04 /pmc/articles/PMC5595152/ /pubmed/28936432 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00144 Text en Copyright © 2017 Kaneoke, Donishi, Iwahara and Shimokawa. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Medicine
Kaneoke, Yoshiki
Donishi, Tomohiro
Iwahara, Akihiko
Shimokawa, Toshio
Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
title Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
title_full Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
title_fullStr Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
title_full_unstemmed Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
title_short Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
title_sort severity of premenstrual symptoms predicted by second to fourth digit ratio
topic Medicine
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5595152/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28936432
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00144
work_keys_str_mv AT kaneokeyoshiki severityofpremenstrualsymptomspredictedbysecondtofourthdigitratio
AT donishitomohiro severityofpremenstrualsymptomspredictedbysecondtofourthdigitratio
AT iwaharaakihiko severityofpremenstrualsymptomspredictedbysecondtofourthdigitratio
AT shimokawatoshio severityofpremenstrualsymptomspredictedbysecondtofourthdigitratio