PreImplantation Factor in endometriosis: A potential role in inducing immune privilege for ectopic endometrium

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterised by the growth of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells outside the uterine cavity. In addition to Sampson’s theory of retrograde menstruation, endometriosis pathogenesis is facilitated by a privileged inflammatory microenvironment, with T regulatory FoxP3(+) expressing T cells (Tregs) being a significant factor. PreImplantation Factor (PIF) is a peptide essential for pregnancy recognition and development. An immune modulatory function of the synthetic PIF analog (sPIF) has been successfully confirmed in multiple animal models. We report that PIF is expressed in the epithelial ectopic cells in close proximity to FoxP3(+) stromal cells. We provide evidence that PIF interacts with FoxP3(+) cells and modulates cell viability, dependent on cell source and presence of inflammatory mediators. Our finding represent a novel PIF-based mechanism in endometriosis that has potential for novel therapeutics.