Distinguishing faceted oxide nanocrystals with (17)O solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Facet engineering of oxide nanocrystals represents a powerful method for generating diverse properties for practical and innovative applications. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the nature of the exposed facets of oxides in order to develop the facet/morphology–property relationships and rationally design nanostructures with desired properties. Despite the extensive applications of electron microscopy for visualizing the facet structure of nanocrystals, the volumes sampled by such techniques are very small and may not be representative of the whole sample. Here, we develop a convenient (17)O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) strategy to distinguish oxide nanocrystals exposing different facets. In combination with density functional theory calculations, we show that the oxygen ions on the exposed (001) and (101) facets of anatase titania nanocrystals have distinct (17)O NMR shifts, which are sensitive to surface reconstruction and the nature of the steps on the surface. The results presented here open up methods for characterizing faceted nanocrystalline oxides and related materials.