Efficacy of pentavalent antimoniate intralesional infiltration therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND: The mainstays of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment, in several world regions, are pentavalent antimony (Sb(v)) compounds administered parenterally, despite their recognized toxicity, which requires frequent laboratory monitoring and complicates their use in areas with scarce infrastructure. As result of these drawbacks, the WHO Expert Committee on leishmaniasis has expanded the recommendations for the use of local therapies, including Sb(v) intralesional infiltration (IL-Sb(v)), as CL therapy alternatives even in the New World. However, the efficacy of these approaches has never been compiled. The aim of this study was to critically and systematically assess the efficacy of IL-Sb(v) for CL treatment. METHODOLOGY: The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and the Cochrane manual were followed. The sources used were the MEDLINE and LILACS databases and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization. The outcome of interest was a clinical cure, defined as complete re-epithelialization of all lesions. The IL-Sb(v) pooled cure rate was estimated for several subgroups and direct comparisons were performed when possible. RESULTS: Thirty nine articles (40 studies) involving 5679 patients treated with IL-Sb(v) infiltration were included. In direct comparison, only three studies involving 229 patients compared IL-Sb(v) infiltration versus placebo and no difference was observed (OR: 1,9; 95%IC 0,93 to 3,82) based on cure rate 69.6% (95%CI 17.6–96.1%) and 83,2% (95%CI 66–92.7%) for placebo and IL-Sb(v), respectively. In an alternative and non-comparative analysis, gathering all study arms using the intervention, the pooled IL-Sb(v) efficacy rate was 75% (95%CI 68–81%). In the Old World, the observed overall IL-Sb(v) efficacy rate was 75% (95%CI 66–82%), and the cure rates were significantly higher with sodium stibogluconate (SSG) than with meglumine antimoniate (MA): 83% (95%CI 75–90%) versus 68% (95%CI 54–79%), p = 0.03. Studies directly comparing IL-Sb(v) with topical 15% paromomycin ointment, IL hypertonic saline, radiofrequency-induced heat therapy, topical trichloroacetic acid and cryotherapy showed no significant difference in efficacy between the interventions. The analyses suggested a higher efficacy of IL-Sb(v) combined with cryotherapy (81.8%, 95%IC 62.4–92.4%) when compared with IL-Sb(v) alone (53.3%, 95%IC 46.1–66%), OR: 3.14 (95%CI 1.1–8.9), p = 0.03. In the New World, the global IL-Sb(v) efficacy was 77%(95%CI 66–85%). In contrast with the Old World, a significant difference favoring MA in relation to SSG was observed: 61% (95%CI 49–73%) versus 82% (95%CI 70–89%).By comparing IL infiltration schedules, it was determined that patients submitted to IL-Sb(v) treatments longer than 14 days had higher cure rates. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high heterogeneity and low methodological quality of studies, an indirect comparison shows that the antimony infiltration efficacy rate is similar to that reported for antimony systemic use. The evidence gathered thus far is insufficient to identify the ideal IL therapeutic regime or estimate the rates of adverse events and mucosal late complications.