pH Control Enables Simultaneous Enhancement of Nitrogen Retention and N(2)O Reduction in Shewanella loihica Strain PV-4

pH has been recognized as one of the key environmental parameters with significant impacts on the nitrogen cycle in the environment. In this study, the effects of pH on NO(3)(–)/NO(2)(–) fate and N(2)O emission were examined with Shewanella loihica strain PV-4, an organism with complete denitrification and respiratory ammonification pathways. Strain PV-4 was incubated at varying pH with lactate as the electron donor and NO(3)(–)/NO(2)(–) and N(2)O as the electron acceptors. When incubated with NO(3)(–) and N(2)O at pH 6.0, transient accumulation of N(2)O was observed and no significant NH(4)(+) production was observed. At pH 7.0 and 8.0, strain PV-4 served as a N(2)O sink, as N(2)O concentration decreased consistently without accumulation. Respiratory ammonification was upregulated in the experiments performed at these higher pH values. When NO(2)(–) was used in place of NO(3)(–), neither growth nor NO(2)(–) reduction was observed at pH 6.0. NH(4)(+) was the exclusive product from NO(2)(–) reduction at both pH 7.0 and 8.0 and neither production nor consumption of N(2)O was observed, suggesting that NO(2)(–) regulation superseded pH effects on the nitrogen-oxide dissimilation reactions. When NO(3)(–) was the electron acceptor, nirK transcription was significantly upregulated upon cultivation at pH 6.0, while nrfA transcription was significantly upregulated at pH 8.0. The highest level of nosZ transcription was observed at pH 6.0 and the lowest at pH 8.0. With NO(2)(–) as the electron acceptor, transcription profiles of nirK, nrfA, and nosZ were statistically indistinguishable between pH 7.0 and 8.0. The transcriptions of nirK and nosZ were severely downregulated regardless of pH. These observations suggested that the kinetic imbalance between N(2)O production and consumption, but neither decrease in expression nor activity of NosZ, was the major cause of N(2)O accumulation at pH 6.0. The findings also suggest that simultaneous enhancement of nitrogen retention and N(2)O emission reduction may be feasible through pH modulation, but only in environments where C:N or NO(2)(–):NO(3)(–) ratio does not exhibit overarching control over the NO(3)(–)/NO(2)(–) reduction pathways.