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Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players
BACKGROUND: Although scapular malpositioning is commonly associated with rotational deficits and risk of injury, modifiable causes of such malpositioning in overhead athletes are not well described. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to examine the scapulothoracic profile of adolescen...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
SAGE Publications
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5613851/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975133 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117728041 |
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author | Hodgins, Justin L. Rubenstein, William Kovacevic, David Padaki, Ajay Jobin, Charles M. Ahmad, Christopher S. |
author_facet | Hodgins, Justin L. Rubenstein, William Kovacevic, David Padaki, Ajay Jobin, Charles M. Ahmad, Christopher S. |
author_sort | Hodgins, Justin L. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Although scapular malpositioning is commonly associated with rotational deficits and risk of injury, modifiable causes of such malpositioning in overhead athletes are not well described. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to examine the scapulothoracic profile of adolescent baseball players, specifically, pectoralis minor (PM) length. We hypothesized that PM would be shorter in throwing shoulders compared with nonthrowing shoulders. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Forty-nine healthy adolescent baseball players underwent clinical screening of PM lengths in throwing and nonthrowing shoulders by means of previously described, validated techniques. PM measurements were conducted while players were supine with arms at rest, sitting with arms at rest, and sitting with shoulders in maximal external rotation; measurements were made with a digital caliper and by assessment of table-to-acromion distance. Static scapular position and range of motion measurements were recorded. Demographic information and playing history were documented. RESULTS: All players were male, they had a mean ± SD age of 16.2 ± 1.16 years, and they predominantly threw right-handed (83.7%). Sixty-nine percent of players were pitchers, 61.2% had played baseball for 9 or more months per year, and 67.3% had played in excess of 30 games in the previous year. Significant differences were noted during side-to-side comparisons within participants. Absolute PM length was significantly shorter in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders when measured with players sitting with arms at rest (by 3.7 ± 11.8 mm) and with their shoulders in maximal external rotation (by 4.8 ± 15.1 mm) (P < .004 for both). The PM index was significantly reduced in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders while players were supine with arms at rest (P = .007), sitting with arms at rest (P = .006), and sitting with shoulders in maximal external rotation (P < .001). Mean table-to-acromion distance was increased 7.7 ± 1.26 mm in throwing versus nonthrowing arms (P < .001). The scapular index was significantly reduced in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders (P < .005). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic adolescent baseball players have significant differences in PM length and static scapular measurements in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders. The clinical significance requires further investigation, but emphasis on PM stretching routines is encouraged. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5613851 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | SAGE Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-56138512017-10-03 Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players Hodgins, Justin L. Rubenstein, William Kovacevic, David Padaki, Ajay Jobin, Charles M. Ahmad, Christopher S. Orthop J Sports Med 8 BACKGROUND: Although scapular malpositioning is commonly associated with rotational deficits and risk of injury, modifiable causes of such malpositioning in overhead athletes are not well described. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to examine the scapulothoracic profile of adolescent baseball players, specifically, pectoralis minor (PM) length. We hypothesized that PM would be shorter in throwing shoulders compared with nonthrowing shoulders. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Forty-nine healthy adolescent baseball players underwent clinical screening of PM lengths in throwing and nonthrowing shoulders by means of previously described, validated techniques. PM measurements were conducted while players were supine with arms at rest, sitting with arms at rest, and sitting with shoulders in maximal external rotation; measurements were made with a digital caliper and by assessment of table-to-acromion distance. Static scapular position and range of motion measurements were recorded. Demographic information and playing history were documented. RESULTS: All players were male, they had a mean ± SD age of 16.2 ± 1.16 years, and they predominantly threw right-handed (83.7%). Sixty-nine percent of players were pitchers, 61.2% had played baseball for 9 or more months per year, and 67.3% had played in excess of 30 games in the previous year. Significant differences were noted during side-to-side comparisons within participants. Absolute PM length was significantly shorter in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders when measured with players sitting with arms at rest (by 3.7 ± 11.8 mm) and with their shoulders in maximal external rotation (by 4.8 ± 15.1 mm) (P < .004 for both). The PM index was significantly reduced in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders while players were supine with arms at rest (P = .007), sitting with arms at rest (P = .006), and sitting with shoulders in maximal external rotation (P < .001). Mean table-to-acromion distance was increased 7.7 ± 1.26 mm in throwing versus nonthrowing arms (P < .001). The scapular index was significantly reduced in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders (P < .005). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic adolescent baseball players have significant differences in PM length and static scapular measurements in throwing compared with nonthrowing shoulders. The clinical significance requires further investigation, but emphasis on PM stretching routines is encouraged. SAGE Publications 2017-09-20 /pmc/articles/PMC5613851/ /pubmed/28975133 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117728041 Text en © The Author(s) 2017 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work as published without adaptation or alteration, without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
spellingShingle | 8 Hodgins, Justin L. Rubenstein, William Kovacevic, David Padaki, Ajay Jobin, Charles M. Ahmad, Christopher S. Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players |
title | Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players |
title_full | Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players |
title_fullStr | Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players |
title_full_unstemmed | Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players |
title_short | Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players |
title_sort | pectoralis minor contracture in throwing shoulders of asymptomatic adolescent baseball players |
topic | 8 |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5613851/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975133 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117728041 |
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