Development and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Photocatalytic TiO(2)/Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Designed for Self-Cleaning Purposes

Graphene is widely used in nanotechnologies to amplify the photocatalytic activity of TiO(2), but the development of TiO(2)/graphene composites imposes the assessment of their risk to human and environmental health. Therefore, reduced graphene oxide was decorated with two types of TiO(2) particles co-doped with 1% iron and nitrogen, one of them being obtained by a simultaneous precipitation of Ti(3+) and Fe(3+) ions to achieve their uniform distribution, and the other one after a sequential precipitation of these two cations for a higher concentration of iron on the surface. Physico-chemical characterization, photocatalytic efficiency evaluation, antimicrobial analysis and biocompatibility assessment were performed for these TiO(2)-based composites. The best photocatalytic efficiency was found for the sample with iron atoms localized at the sample surface. A very good anti-inhibitory activity was obtained for both samples against biofilms of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Exposure of human skin and lung fibroblasts to photocatalysts did not significantly affect cell viability, but analysis of oxidative stress showed increased levels of carbonyl groups and advanced oxidation protein products for both cell lines after 48 h of incubation. Our findings are of major importance by providing useful knowledge for future photocatalytic self-cleaning and biomedical applications of graphene-based materials.