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Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is an acute and life-threatening systemic reaction. Many triggers have been described, including food, drug, and hymenoptera allergens, which are the most frequently involved. The mechanisms described in anaphylactic reactions are complex and implicate a diversity of pathways. Some of th...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5623009/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01193 |
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author | Muñoz-Cano, Rosa Pascal, Mariona Araujo, Giovanna Goikoetxea, M. J. Valero, Antonio L. Picado, Cesar Bartra, Joan |
author_facet | Muñoz-Cano, Rosa Pascal, Mariona Araujo, Giovanna Goikoetxea, M. J. Valero, Antonio L. Picado, Cesar Bartra, Joan |
author_sort | Muñoz-Cano, Rosa |
collection | PubMed |
description | Anaphylaxis is an acute and life-threatening systemic reaction. Many triggers have been described, including food, drug, and hymenoptera allergens, which are the most frequently involved. The mechanisms described in anaphylactic reactions are complex and implicate a diversity of pathways. Some of these mechanisms may be key to the development of the anaphylactic reaction, while others may only modify its severity. Although specific IgE, mast cells, and basophils are considered the principal players in anaphylaxis, alternative mechanisms have been proposed in non-IgE anaphylactic reactions. Neutrophils, macrophages, as well as basophils, have been involved, as have IgG-dependent, complement and contact system activation. A range of cationic substances can induce antibody-independent mast cells activation through MRGPRX2 receptor. Cofactors and augmenting factors may explain why, in some patients, food allergen exposure can cause anaphylaxis, while in other clinical scenario it can be tolerated or elicits a mild reaction. With the influence of these factors, food allergic reactions may be induced at lower doses of allergen and/or become more severe. Exercise, alcohol, estrogens, and some drugs such as Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and lipid-lowering drugs are the main factors described, though their mechanisms and signaling pathways are poorly understood. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5623009 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-56230092017-10-10 Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis Muñoz-Cano, Rosa Pascal, Mariona Araujo, Giovanna Goikoetxea, M. J. Valero, Antonio L. Picado, Cesar Bartra, Joan Front Immunol Immunology Anaphylaxis is an acute and life-threatening systemic reaction. Many triggers have been described, including food, drug, and hymenoptera allergens, which are the most frequently involved. The mechanisms described in anaphylactic reactions are complex and implicate a diversity of pathways. Some of these mechanisms may be key to the development of the anaphylactic reaction, while others may only modify its severity. Although specific IgE, mast cells, and basophils are considered the principal players in anaphylaxis, alternative mechanisms have been proposed in non-IgE anaphylactic reactions. Neutrophils, macrophages, as well as basophils, have been involved, as have IgG-dependent, complement and contact system activation. A range of cationic substances can induce antibody-independent mast cells activation through MRGPRX2 receptor. Cofactors and augmenting factors may explain why, in some patients, food allergen exposure can cause anaphylaxis, while in other clinical scenario it can be tolerated or elicits a mild reaction. With the influence of these factors, food allergic reactions may be induced at lower doses of allergen and/or become more severe. Exercise, alcohol, estrogens, and some drugs such as Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and lipid-lowering drugs are the main factors described, though their mechanisms and signaling pathways are poorly understood. Frontiers Media S.A. 2017-09-26 /pmc/articles/PMC5623009/ /pubmed/29018449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01193 Text en Copyright © 2017 Muñoz-Cano, Pascal, Araujo, Goikoetxea, Valero, Picado and Bartra. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Muñoz-Cano, Rosa Pascal, Mariona Araujo, Giovanna Goikoetxea, M. J. Valero, Antonio L. Picado, Cesar Bartra, Joan Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis |
title | Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis |
title_full | Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis |
title_fullStr | Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis |
title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis |
title_short | Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis |
title_sort | mechanisms, cofactors, and augmenting factors involved in anaphylaxis |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5623009/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01193 |
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