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Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic compounds that are ubiquitously found in the environment. Their use and manufacture were restricted or banned in many countries in the 1970–1980s, however, they still persist in the antroposphere, the environment and in biota worldwide today. C...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628794/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28981534 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183768 |
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author | Glüge, Juliane Steinlin, Christine Schalles, Simone Wegmann, Lukas Tremp, Josef Breivik, Knut Hungerbühler, Konrad Bogdal, Christian |
author_facet | Glüge, Juliane Steinlin, Christine Schalles, Simone Wegmann, Lukas Tremp, Josef Breivik, Knut Hungerbühler, Konrad Bogdal, Christian |
author_sort | Glüge, Juliane |
collection | PubMed |
description | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic compounds that are ubiquitously found in the environment. Their use and manufacture were restricted or banned in many countries in the 1970–1980s, however, they still persist in the antroposphere, the environment and in biota worldwide today. Conventions like the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution encourage or bind the member parties to annually submit emission inventories of regulated air pollutants. Unfortunately, several member states have not yet reported PCB emissions. The identification and quantification of stocks and emissions sources is, however, an important precondition to handle and remove the remaining reservoirs of PCBs and, thus, to be able to reduce emissions and subsequently environmental exposure. Here, we estimate past, present, and future emissions of PCBs to air in Switzerland and provide emission factors for all relevant emission categories. Switzerland hereby represents a typical developed industrial country, and most of the assumptions and parameters presented here can be used to calculate PCB emission also for other countries. PCB emissions to air are calculated using a dynamic mass flow and emissions model for Switzerland, which is run for the years 1930–2100. The results point out the importance of the use of PCBs in open applications, which have largely been previously overlooked. Additionally, we show that PCBs will persist in applications during the coming decades with ongoing emissions. Especially the use of PCBs in open applications will cause Swiss emissions to remain above 100 kg PCB per year, even after the year 2030. Our developed model is available in Excel/VBA and can be downloaded with this article. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5628794 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-56287942017-10-20 Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 Glüge, Juliane Steinlin, Christine Schalles, Simone Wegmann, Lukas Tremp, Josef Breivik, Knut Hungerbühler, Konrad Bogdal, Christian PLoS One Research Article Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic compounds that are ubiquitously found in the environment. Their use and manufacture were restricted or banned in many countries in the 1970–1980s, however, they still persist in the antroposphere, the environment and in biota worldwide today. Conventions like the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution encourage or bind the member parties to annually submit emission inventories of regulated air pollutants. Unfortunately, several member states have not yet reported PCB emissions. The identification and quantification of stocks and emissions sources is, however, an important precondition to handle and remove the remaining reservoirs of PCBs and, thus, to be able to reduce emissions and subsequently environmental exposure. Here, we estimate past, present, and future emissions of PCBs to air in Switzerland and provide emission factors for all relevant emission categories. Switzerland hereby represents a typical developed industrial country, and most of the assumptions and parameters presented here can be used to calculate PCB emission also for other countries. PCB emissions to air are calculated using a dynamic mass flow and emissions model for Switzerland, which is run for the years 1930–2100. The results point out the importance of the use of PCBs in open applications, which have largely been previously overlooked. Additionally, we show that PCBs will persist in applications during the coming decades with ongoing emissions. Especially the use of PCBs in open applications will cause Swiss emissions to remain above 100 kg PCB per year, even after the year 2030. Our developed model is available in Excel/VBA and can be downloaded with this article. Public Library of Science 2017-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC5628794/ /pubmed/28981534 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183768 Text en © 2017 Glüge et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Glüge, Juliane Steinlin, Christine Schalles, Simone Wegmann, Lukas Tremp, Josef Breivik, Knut Hungerbühler, Konrad Bogdal, Christian Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
title | Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
title_full | Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
title_fullStr | Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
title_full_unstemmed | Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
title_short | Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
title_sort | import, use, and emissions of pcbs in switzerland from 1930 to 2100 |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628794/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28981534 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183768 |
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