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Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports scienc...

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Autores principales: Anderson, Travis, Wideman, Laurie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635140/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29019089
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-017-0102-3
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author Anderson, Travis
Wideman, Laurie
author_facet Anderson, Travis
Wideman, Laurie
author_sort Anderson, Travis
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports sciences is currently limited and is a potentially underutilized variable. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collate studies that incorporate both exercise and CAR, in an effort to better understand (a) whether CAR is a useful marker for monitoring exercise stress and (b) how CAR may be most appropriately used in future research. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted using PubMed, SportDISCUS, Scopus, and PsychInfo databases, using search terms related toCAR and exercise and physical activity. RESULTS: 10,292 articles were identified in the initial search, with 32 studies included in the final analysis. No studies investigated the effects of laboratory-controlled exercise on CAR. Variable effects were observed, possibly due to inconsistencies in study design, methodology, population, and CAR analysis. The available literature suggests a threshold of exercise may be required to alter the HPA axis and affect CAR. Moreover, CAR may represent a combination of previous exercise load and upcoming stress, making current interpretation of field-based observational research challenging. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to fully elucidate the influence of exercise on CAR and address a number of gaps in the literature, including controlling exercise load, consistent sample collection, and CAR calculation and analysis.
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spelling pubmed-56351402017-10-24 Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review Anderson, Travis Wideman, Laurie Sports Med Open Systematic Review BACKGROUND: The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports sciences is currently limited and is a potentially underutilized variable. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collate studies that incorporate both exercise and CAR, in an effort to better understand (a) whether CAR is a useful marker for monitoring exercise stress and (b) how CAR may be most appropriately used in future research. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted using PubMed, SportDISCUS, Scopus, and PsychInfo databases, using search terms related toCAR and exercise and physical activity. RESULTS: 10,292 articles were identified in the initial search, with 32 studies included in the final analysis. No studies investigated the effects of laboratory-controlled exercise on CAR. Variable effects were observed, possibly due to inconsistencies in study design, methodology, population, and CAR analysis. The available literature suggests a threshold of exercise may be required to alter the HPA axis and affect CAR. Moreover, CAR may represent a combination of previous exercise load and upcoming stress, making current interpretation of field-based observational research challenging. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to fully elucidate the influence of exercise on CAR and address a number of gaps in the literature, including controlling exercise load, consistent sample collection, and CAR calculation and analysis. Springer International Publishing 2017-10-10 /pmc/articles/PMC5635140/ /pubmed/29019089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-017-0102-3 Text en © The Author(s). 2017 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Systematic Review
Anderson, Travis
Wideman, Laurie
Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
title Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
title_full Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
title_short Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
title_sort exercise and the cortisol awakening response: a systematic review
topic Systematic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635140/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29019089
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-017-0102-3
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