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Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
The recently emerged chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) causes European salamander declines. Proper hygiene protocols including disinfection procedures are crucial to prevent disease transmission. Here, the efficacy of chemical disinfectants in killing Bsal was evaluated. At all...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5638399/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023562 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186269 |
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author | Van Rooij, Pascale Pasmans, Frank Coen, Yanaika Martel, An |
author_facet | Van Rooij, Pascale Pasmans, Frank Coen, Yanaika Martel, An |
author_sort | Van Rooij, Pascale |
collection | PubMed |
description | The recently emerged chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) causes European salamander declines. Proper hygiene protocols including disinfection procedures are crucial to prevent disease transmission. Here, the efficacy of chemical disinfectants in killing Bsal was evaluated. At all tested conditions, Biocidal(®), Chloramine-T(®), Dettol medical(®), Disolol(®), ethanol, F10(®), Hibiscrub(®), potassium permanganate, Safe4(®), sodium hypochlorite, and Virkon S(®), were effective at killing Bsal. Concentrations of 5% sodium chloride or lower, 0.01% peracetic acid and 0.001–1% copper sulphate were inactive against Bsal. None of the conditions tested for hydrogen peroxide affected Bsal viability, while it did kill Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). For Bsal, enzymatic breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalases and specific morphological features (clustering of sporangia, development of new sporangia within the original sporangium), were identified as fungal factors altering susceptibility to several of the disinfectants tested. Based on the in vitro results we recommend 1% Virkon S(®), 4% sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol for disinfecting equipment in the field, lab or captive setting, with a minimal contact time of 5 minutes for 1% Virkon S(®) and 1 minute for the latter disinfectants. These conditions not only efficiently target Bsal, but also Bd and Ranavirus. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5638399 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-56383992017-10-20 Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Van Rooij, Pascale Pasmans, Frank Coen, Yanaika Martel, An PLoS One Research Article The recently emerged chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) causes European salamander declines. Proper hygiene protocols including disinfection procedures are crucial to prevent disease transmission. Here, the efficacy of chemical disinfectants in killing Bsal was evaluated. At all tested conditions, Biocidal(®), Chloramine-T(®), Dettol medical(®), Disolol(®), ethanol, F10(®), Hibiscrub(®), potassium permanganate, Safe4(®), sodium hypochlorite, and Virkon S(®), were effective at killing Bsal. Concentrations of 5% sodium chloride or lower, 0.01% peracetic acid and 0.001–1% copper sulphate were inactive against Bsal. None of the conditions tested for hydrogen peroxide affected Bsal viability, while it did kill Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). For Bsal, enzymatic breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalases and specific morphological features (clustering of sporangia, development of new sporangia within the original sporangium), were identified as fungal factors altering susceptibility to several of the disinfectants tested. Based on the in vitro results we recommend 1% Virkon S(®), 4% sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol for disinfecting equipment in the field, lab or captive setting, with a minimal contact time of 5 minutes for 1% Virkon S(®) and 1 minute for the latter disinfectants. These conditions not only efficiently target Bsal, but also Bd and Ranavirus. Public Library of Science 2017-10-12 /pmc/articles/PMC5638399/ /pubmed/29023562 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186269 Text en © 2017 Van Rooij et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Van Rooij, Pascale Pasmans, Frank Coen, Yanaika Martel, An Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
title | Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
title_full | Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
title_fullStr | Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
title_full_unstemmed | Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
title_short | Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
title_sort | efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5638399/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023562 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186269 |
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