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Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand

BACKGROUND: Borassus flabellifer or Asian Palmyra palm is an important crop for local economies in the South and Southeast Asia for its fruit and palm sugar production. Archeological and historical evidence indicated the presence of this species in Southeast Asia dating back at least 1500 years. B....

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Autores principales: Pipatchartlearnwong, Kwanjai, Swatdipong, Akarapong, Vuttipongchaikij, Supachai, Apisitwanich, Somsak
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5639744/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29025415
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12863-017-0554-y
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author Pipatchartlearnwong, Kwanjai
Swatdipong, Akarapong
Vuttipongchaikij, Supachai
Apisitwanich, Somsak
author_facet Pipatchartlearnwong, Kwanjai
Swatdipong, Akarapong
Vuttipongchaikij, Supachai
Apisitwanich, Somsak
author_sort Pipatchartlearnwong, Kwanjai
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Borassus flabellifer or Asian Palmyra palm is an important crop for local economies in the South and Southeast Asia for its fruit and palm sugar production. Archeological and historical evidence indicated the presence of this species in Southeast Asia dating back at least 1500 years. B. flabellifer is believed to be originated in Africa, spread to South Asia and introduced into Southeast Asia through commercial routes and dissemination of cultures, however, the nature of its invasion and settlement in Thailand is unclear. RESULTS: Here, we analyzed genetic data of 230 B. flabellifer accessions across Thailand using 17 EST-SSR and 12 gSSR polymorphic markers. Clustering analysis revealed that the population consisted of two genetic clusters (STRUCTURE K = 2). Cluster I is found mainly in southern Thailand, while Cluster II is found mainly in the northeastern. Those found in the central are of an extensive mix between the two. These two clusters are in moderate differentiation (F (ST) = 0.066 and N (M) = 3.532) and have low genetic diversity (H(O) = 0.371 and 0.416; A(R) = 2.99 and 3.19, for the cluster I and II respectively). The minimum numbers of founders for each genetic group varies from 3 to 4 individuals, based on simulation using different allele frequency assumptions. These numbers coincide with that B. flabellifer is dioecious, and a number of seeds had to be simultaneously introduced for obtaining both male and female founders. CONCLUSIONS: From these data and geographical and historical evidence, we hypothesize that there were at least two different invasive events of B. flabellifer in Thailand. B. flabellifer was likely brought through the Straits of Malacca to be propagated in the southern Thailand as one of the invasive events before spreading to the central Thailand. The second event likely occurred in Khmer Empire, currently Cambodia, before spreading to the northeastern Thailand. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-017-0554-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-56397442017-10-18 Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand Pipatchartlearnwong, Kwanjai Swatdipong, Akarapong Vuttipongchaikij, Supachai Apisitwanich, Somsak BMC Genet Research Article BACKGROUND: Borassus flabellifer or Asian Palmyra palm is an important crop for local economies in the South and Southeast Asia for its fruit and palm sugar production. Archeological and historical evidence indicated the presence of this species in Southeast Asia dating back at least 1500 years. B. flabellifer is believed to be originated in Africa, spread to South Asia and introduced into Southeast Asia through commercial routes and dissemination of cultures, however, the nature of its invasion and settlement in Thailand is unclear. RESULTS: Here, we analyzed genetic data of 230 B. flabellifer accessions across Thailand using 17 EST-SSR and 12 gSSR polymorphic markers. Clustering analysis revealed that the population consisted of two genetic clusters (STRUCTURE K = 2). Cluster I is found mainly in southern Thailand, while Cluster II is found mainly in the northeastern. Those found in the central are of an extensive mix between the two. These two clusters are in moderate differentiation (F (ST) = 0.066 and N (M) = 3.532) and have low genetic diversity (H(O) = 0.371 and 0.416; A(R) = 2.99 and 3.19, for the cluster I and II respectively). The minimum numbers of founders for each genetic group varies from 3 to 4 individuals, based on simulation using different allele frequency assumptions. These numbers coincide with that B. flabellifer is dioecious, and a number of seeds had to be simultaneously introduced for obtaining both male and female founders. CONCLUSIONS: From these data and geographical and historical evidence, we hypothesize that there were at least two different invasive events of B. flabellifer in Thailand. B. flabellifer was likely brought through the Straits of Malacca to be propagated in the southern Thailand as one of the invasive events before spreading to the central Thailand. The second event likely occurred in Khmer Empire, currently Cambodia, before spreading to the northeastern Thailand. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-017-0554-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2017-10-12 /pmc/articles/PMC5639744/ /pubmed/29025415 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12863-017-0554-y Text en © The Author(s). 2017 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Pipatchartlearnwong, Kwanjai
Swatdipong, Akarapong
Vuttipongchaikij, Supachai
Apisitwanich, Somsak
Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand
title Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand
title_full Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand
title_fullStr Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand
title_full_unstemmed Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand
title_short Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand
title_sort genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of asian palmyra palm (borassus flabellifer) in thailand
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5639744/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29025415
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12863-017-0554-y
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