Understanding activity and selectivity of metal-nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO(2)

Direct electrochemical reduction of CO(2) to fuels and chemicals using renewable electricity has attracted significant attention partly due to the fundamental challenges related to reactivity and selectivity, and partly due to its importance for industrial CO(2)-consuming gas diffusion cathodes. Here, we present advances in the understanding of trends in the CO(2) to CO electrocatalysis of metal- and nitrogen-doped porous carbons containing catalytically active M–N(x) moieties (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu). We investigate their intrinsic catalytic reactivity, CO turnover frequencies, CO faradaic efficiencies and demonstrate that Fe–N–C and especially Ni–N–C catalysts rival Au- and Ag-based catalysts. We model the catalytically active M–N(x) moieties using density functional theory and correlate the theoretical binding energies with the experiments to give reactivity-selectivity descriptors. This gives an atomic-scale mechanistic understanding of potential-dependent CO and hydrocarbon selectivity from the M–N(x) moieties and it provides predictive guidelines for the rational design of selective carbon-based CO(2) reduction catalysts.