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Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules

Abstract. The success of beetles is mainly attributed to the possibility to hide the hindwings under the sclerotised elytra. The acquisition of the transverse folding function of the hind wing is an important event in the evolutionary history of beetles. In this study, the morphological and function...

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Autores principales: Ren, Jing, Bai, Ming, Yang, Xing-Ke, Zhang, Run-Zhi, Ge, Si-Qin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Pensoft Publishers 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5646652/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089842
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.685.13084
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author Ren, Jing
Bai, Ming
Yang, Xing-Ke
Zhang, Run-Zhi
Ge, Si-Qin
author_facet Ren, Jing
Bai, Ming
Yang, Xing-Ke
Zhang, Run-Zhi
Ge, Si-Qin
author_sort Ren, Jing
collection PubMed
description Abstract. The success of beetles is mainly attributed to the possibility to hide the hindwings under the sclerotised elytra. The acquisition of the transverse folding function of the hind wing is an important event in the evolutionary history of beetles. In this study, the morphological and functional variances in the hind wings of 94 leaf beetle species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelinae) is explored using geometric morphometrics based on 36 landmarks. Principal component analysis and Canonical variate analysis indicate that changes of apical area, anal area, and middle area are three useful phylogenetic features at a subtribe level of leaf beetles. Variances of the apical area are the most obvious, which strongly influence the entire venation variance. Partial least squares analysis indicates that the proximal and distal parts of hind wings are weakly associated. Modularity tests confirm that the proximal and distal compartments of hind wings are separate modules. It is deduced that for leaf beetles, or even other beetles, the hind wing possibly exhibits significant functional divergences that occurred during the evolution of transverse folding that resulted in the proximal and distal compartments of hind wings evolving into separate functional modules.
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spelling pubmed-56466522017-10-31 Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules Ren, Jing Bai, Ming Yang, Xing-Ke Zhang, Run-Zhi Ge, Si-Qin Zookeys Research Article Abstract. The success of beetles is mainly attributed to the possibility to hide the hindwings under the sclerotised elytra. The acquisition of the transverse folding function of the hind wing is an important event in the evolutionary history of beetles. In this study, the morphological and functional variances in the hind wings of 94 leaf beetle species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelinae) is explored using geometric morphometrics based on 36 landmarks. Principal component analysis and Canonical variate analysis indicate that changes of apical area, anal area, and middle area are three useful phylogenetic features at a subtribe level of leaf beetles. Variances of the apical area are the most obvious, which strongly influence the entire venation variance. Partial least squares analysis indicates that the proximal and distal parts of hind wings are weakly associated. Modularity tests confirm that the proximal and distal compartments of hind wings are separate modules. It is deduced that for leaf beetles, or even other beetles, the hind wing possibly exhibits significant functional divergences that occurred during the evolution of transverse folding that resulted in the proximal and distal compartments of hind wings evolving into separate functional modules. Pensoft Publishers 2017-07-20 /pmc/articles/PMC5646652/ /pubmed/29089842 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.685.13084 Text en Jing Ren, Ming Bai, Xing-Ke Yang, Run-Zhi Zhang, Si-Qin Ge http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Ren, Jing
Bai, Ming
Yang, Xing-Ke
Zhang, Run-Zhi
Ge, Si-Qin
Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
title Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
title_full Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
title_fullStr Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
title_full_unstemmed Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
title_short Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
title_sort geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5646652/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089842
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.685.13084
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