In silico analysis of the grapefruit sRNAome, transcriptome and gene regulation in response to CTV-CDVd co-infection

BACKGROUND: Small RNA (sRNA) associated gene regulation has been shown to play a significant role during plant-pathogen interaction. In commercial citrus orchards co-infection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and viroids occur naturally. METHODS: A next-generation sequencing-based approach was used to study the sRNA and transcriptional response in grapefruit to the co-infection of CTV and Citrus dwarfing viroid. RESULTS: The co-infection resulted in a difference in the expression of a number of sRNA species when comparing healthy and infected plants; the majority of these were derived from transcripts processed in a phased manner. Several RNA transcripts were also differentially expressed, including transcripts derived from two genes, predicted to be under the regulation of sRNAs. These genes are involved in plant hormone systems; one in the abscisic acid, and the other in the cytokinin regulatory pathway. Additional analysis of virus- and viroid-derived small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) showed areas on the pathogen genomes associated with increased siRNA synthesis. Most interestingly, the starting position of the p23 silencing suppressor’s sub-genomic RNA generated a siRNA hotspot on the CTV genome. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the involvement of various genes, as well as endogenous and exogenous RNA-derived sRNA species in the plant-defence response. The results highlighted the role of sRNA-directed plant hormone regulation during biotic stress, as well as a counter-response of plants to virus suppressors of RNA-silencing. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-017-0871-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.