Preconditioning with far-infrared irradiation enhances proliferation, cell survival, and migration of rat bone marrow-derived stem cells via CXCR4-ERK pathways

Far-infrared radiation (FIR) has been shown to exert positive effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the biological effects of FIR on bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) are not understood. In the present study, BMSCs were isolated from rat femur bone marrow and cultured in vitro. To investigate the effects of an FIR generator with an energy flux of 0.13 mW/cm(2) on rat BMSCs, survival of BMSCs was measured by crystal violet staining, and cell proliferation was additionally measured using Ez-Cytox cell viability, EdU, and Brd U assays. FIR preconditioning was found to significantly increase BMSC proliferation and survival against H(2)O(2). The scratch and transwell migration assays showed that FIR preconditioning resulted in an increase in BMSC migration. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated that FIR upregulated Nanog, Sox2, c-Kit, Nkx2.5, and CXCR4 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Consistent with these observations, PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor) and AMD3100 (a CXCR4 inhibitor) prevented the activation of CXCR4/ERK and blocked the cell proliferation and migration induced by FIR. Overall, these findings provide the first evidence that FIR confers a real and significant benefit on the preconditioning of BMSCs, and might lead to novel strategies for improving BMSC therapy for cardiac ischemia.