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Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis

Starch is the most widespread and abundant storage carbohydrate in plants and the main source of carbohydrate in the human diet. Owing to its remarkable properties and commercial applications, starch is still of growing interest. Its unique granular structure made of intercalated layers of amylopect...

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Autores principales: Raguin, Adélaïde, Ebenhöh, Oliver
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Portland Press Ltd. 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5652221/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673938
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20160407
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author Raguin, Adélaïde
Ebenhöh, Oliver
author_facet Raguin, Adélaïde
Ebenhöh, Oliver
author_sort Raguin, Adélaïde
collection PubMed
description Starch is the most widespread and abundant storage carbohydrate in plants and the main source of carbohydrate in the human diet. Owing to its remarkable properties and commercial applications, starch is still of growing interest. Its unique granular structure made of intercalated layers of amylopectin and amylose has been unraveled thanks to recent progress in microscopic imaging, but the origin of such periodicity is still under debate. Both amylose and amylopectin are made of linear chains of α-1,4-bound glucose residues, with branch points formed by α-1,6 linkages. The net difference in the distribution of chain lengths and the branching pattern of amylose (mainly linear), compared with amylopectin (racemose structure), leads to different physico-chemical properties. Amylose is an amorphous and soluble polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin is insoluble and exhibits a highly organized structure of densely packed double helices formed between neighboring linear chains. Contrarily to starch degradation that has been investigated since the early 20th century, starch production is still poorly understood. Most enzymes involved in starch growth (elongation, branching, debranching, and partial hydrolysis) are now identified. However, their specific action, their interplay (cooperative or competitive), and their kinetic properties are still largely unknown. After reviewing recent results on starch structure and starch growth and degradation enzymatic activity, we discuss recent results and current challenges for growing polysaccharides on granular surface. Finally, we highlight the importance of novel stochastic models to support the analysis of recent and complex experimental results, and to address how macroscopic properties emerge from enzymatic activity and structural rearrangements.
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spelling pubmed-56522212017-10-27 Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis Raguin, Adélaïde Ebenhöh, Oliver Biochem Soc Trans Review Articles Starch is the most widespread and abundant storage carbohydrate in plants and the main source of carbohydrate in the human diet. Owing to its remarkable properties and commercial applications, starch is still of growing interest. Its unique granular structure made of intercalated layers of amylopectin and amylose has been unraveled thanks to recent progress in microscopic imaging, but the origin of such periodicity is still under debate. Both amylose and amylopectin are made of linear chains of α-1,4-bound glucose residues, with branch points formed by α-1,6 linkages. The net difference in the distribution of chain lengths and the branching pattern of amylose (mainly linear), compared with amylopectin (racemose structure), leads to different physico-chemical properties. Amylose is an amorphous and soluble polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin is insoluble and exhibits a highly organized structure of densely packed double helices formed between neighboring linear chains. Contrarily to starch degradation that has been investigated since the early 20th century, starch production is still poorly understood. Most enzymes involved in starch growth (elongation, branching, debranching, and partial hydrolysis) are now identified. However, their specific action, their interplay (cooperative or competitive), and their kinetic properties are still largely unknown. After reviewing recent results on starch structure and starch growth and degradation enzymatic activity, we discuss recent results and current challenges for growing polysaccharides on granular surface. Finally, we highlight the importance of novel stochastic models to support the analysis of recent and complex experimental results, and to address how macroscopic properties emerge from enzymatic activity and structural rearrangements. Portland Press Ltd. 2017-08-15 2017-07-03 /pmc/articles/PMC5652221/ /pubmed/28673938 http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20160407 Text en © 2017 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Review Articles
Raguin, Adélaïde
Ebenhöh, Oliver
Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
title Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
title_full Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
title_fullStr Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
title_full_unstemmed Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
title_short Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
title_sort design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis
topic Review Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5652221/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673938
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20160407
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