Association of fine particulate air pollution with cardiopulmonary morbidity in Western Coast of Saudi Arabia

OBJECTIVES: To assess cardiopulmonary morbidity associated with daily exposures to PM(2.5) in Western Coast of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: We monitored 24-h PM(2.5) and its constituents including black carbon (BC), particulate sulfate (p-SO(4)(2–)), nitrate (p-NO(3)(–)), ammonium (p-NH(4)(+)) and trace elements (TEs) at a site in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia from May to June 2013 with simultaneous collection of hospital data (N=2513). Cardiopulmonary morbidity risk was determined in a generalized linear time-series model. RESULTS: Exposure to PM(2.5) was associated with a 7.6% (p=0.056) increase in risk of respiratory disease (RD) in females. Black carbon increased RD morbidity risk by 68.1% (p=0.056) in females. Exposure to p-SO(4)(2–) increased the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by up to 5.3% (p=0.048) in males; and RD by 2.9% (p=0.037) in females and 2.5% (p=0.022) in males. The p-NH(4)(+) increased CVD risk by up to 20.3% (p=0.033) in males; and RD by 10.7% (p=0.014) in females and 8% (p=0.031) in males. No statistically significant association was observed for p-NO(3)(–) and TEs exposure. CONCLUSION: Overall, results show an increased risk for cardiopulmonary morbidity following exposure to air pollution.