Association of ocular findings and outcome in cerebral venous thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a potentially life-threatening underdiagnosed disease. Headache is a common but nonspecific finding in CVT. Other features such as ocular finding can assist to correct diagnosis, but their frequency in CVT has not been previously evaluated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ocular symptoms and signs in CVT and their association with outcome. METHODS: The demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and outcome data were collected and analyzed from patients referred to a tertiary hospital during 6 years. Based on delay from symptom onset to hospital admission, mode of onset was categorized as acute (<2 days), subacute (2–14 days), or chronic (>14 days). RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were identified with a mean age of 33.7 years (17–60 years). Ocular symptoms and signs were the most frequent clinical presentations (77.4%) following headache (83%). Papilledema and diplopia were the main findings in chronic CVTs (P = 0.003 and 0.002, respectively). Proptosis was significantly associated with thrombosis in cavernous sinus (P = 0.00). Otherwise, there was no relationship between any specific ocular findings and the type or number of thrombosed sinus or hemorrhagic infarction. Mortality rate and recurrence in our patients were 3.8% and 5.7%. Absence of proptosis and vision loss was associated with favorable outcome (P = 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Ocular features were among the most common presentation of CVT in every three phases of CVT and could be the sole finding of CVT. Patients who do not have vision loss and proptosis might have a better outcome in CVT.