In-patient Tolvaptan use in SIADH: care audit, therapy observation and outcome analysis

BACKGROUND: Indications for use of tolvaptan in SIADH-associated hyponatraemia remain controversial. We audited our local guidelines for Tolvaptan use in this situation to review treatment implications including drug safety, hospital admission episode analysis (episodes of liver toxicity, CNS myelinolysis, sodium-related re-admission rates), morbidity; mortality and underlying aetiologies. METHODS: We report a retrospective case series analysis of on-going treatment outcomes (case-note review) for 31 patients (age 73.3 ± 10.5 years, 55% females) consecutively treated with Tolvaptan as in-patient for confirmed SIADH with persistent S/Na(+) < 125 mmol/L despite removal of reversible causes and 24-48 h fluid restriction, and include longer-term outcome data (re-treatment/readmissions/mortality) for up to 4 years of follow-up. A minimum of 6 months follow-up data were reviewed unless the patient died before that period. RESULTS: Short-term outcomes were favourable; 94%-achieved treatment targets after a mean of 3.48 ± 2.46 days. There was statistically significant rise in S/Na(+) level after Tolvaptan treatment (before treatment: mean sodium 117.8 ± 3.73, 108–121 mmol/L and after treatment: mean sodium 128.7 ± 3.67, 125–135.2 mmol/L, P < .001). Although the target S/Na(+) level was >125 mmol/L in fact one third (35%) of the patients achieved a S/Na(+) level of >130 mmol/L by the time of hospital discharge. No patient experienced S/Na(+) rise >12 mmol/L/24 h, drug-associated liver injury or CNS-myelinolysis. The average length of hospital stay following start of Tolvaptan treatment was 3.2 days. Relapse of hyponatraemia occurred in 26% of the patients, requiring retreatment with Tolvaptan. In all patients where either relapse of hyponatraemia occurred or readmission was necessary, SIADH was associated with malignancy, which was present overall in 60% of the group studied. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the safety and efficacy of Tolvaptan in the treatment of SIADH-related significant, symptomatic hyponatraemia when used under specialist guidance and strict monitoring. A sodium level relapsing below the treatment threshold by 1 week after discontinuation is a good indicator of a patient group with re-treatment/longer-term therapy needs, all of whom had underlying malignancy. The criteria set locally in our trust to initiate Tolvaptan use also identifies a group where further investigation for underlying malignancy should be considered.