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HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediat...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5676471/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 |
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author | Sokoya, T. Steel, H. C. Nieuwoudt, M. Rossouw, T. M. |
author_facet | Sokoya, T. Steel, H. C. Nieuwoudt, M. Rossouw, T. M. |
author_sort | Sokoya, T. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5676471 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-56764712017-12-05 HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence Sokoya, T. Steel, H. C. Nieuwoudt, M. Rossouw, T. M. Mediators Inflamm Review Article Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated. Hindawi 2017 2017-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC5676471/ /pubmed/29209103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 Text en Copyright © 2017 T. Sokoya et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Sokoya, T. Steel, H. C. Nieuwoudt, M. Rossouw, T. M. HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
title | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
title_full | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
title_fullStr | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
title_full_unstemmed | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
title_short | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
title_sort | hiv as a cause of immune activation and immunosenescence |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5676471/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 |
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