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HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence

Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediat...

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Autores principales: Sokoya, T., Steel, H. C., Nieuwoudt, M., Rossouw, T. M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5676471/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209103
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493
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author Sokoya, T.
Steel, H. C.
Nieuwoudt, M.
Rossouw, T. M.
author_facet Sokoya, T.
Steel, H. C.
Nieuwoudt, M.
Rossouw, T. M.
author_sort Sokoya, T.
collection PubMed
description Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated.
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spelling pubmed-56764712017-12-05 HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence Sokoya, T. Steel, H. C. Nieuwoudt, M. Rossouw, T. M. Mediators Inflamm Review Article Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated. Hindawi 2017 2017-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC5676471/ /pubmed/29209103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 Text en Copyright © 2017 T. Sokoya et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Sokoya, T.
Steel, H. C.
Nieuwoudt, M.
Rossouw, T. M.
HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
title HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
title_full HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
title_fullStr HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
title_full_unstemmed HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
title_short HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
title_sort hiv as a cause of immune activation and immunosenescence
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5676471/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209103
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493
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