Visualization of 4D multimodal imaging data and its applications in radiotherapy planning

PURPOSE: To explore the benefit of using 4D multimodal visualization and interaction techniques for defined radiotherapy planning tasks over a treatment planning system used in clinical routine (C‐TPS) without dedicated 4D visualization. METHODS: We developed a 4D visualization system (4D‐VS) with dedicated rendering and fusion of 4D multimodal imaging data based on a list of requirements developed in collaboration with radiation oncologists. We conducted a user evaluation in which the benefits of our approach were evaluated in comparison to C‐TPS for three specific tasks: assessment of internal target volume (ITV) delineation, classification of tumor location in peripheral or central, and assessment of dose distribution. For all three tasks, we presented test cases for which we measured correctness, certainty, consistency followed by an additional survey regarding specific visualization features. RESULTS: Lower quality of the test ITVs (ground truth quality was available) was more likely to be detected using 4D‐VS. ITV ratings were more consistent in 4D‐VS and the classification of tumor location had a higher accuracy. Overall evaluation of the survey indicates 4D‐VS provides better spatial comprehensibility and simplifies the tasks which were performed during testing. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 4D‐VS has improved the assessment of ITV delineations and classification of tumor location. The visualization features of 4D‐VS have been identified as helpful for the assessment of dose distribution during user testing.