Factors Associated With Physician Loss in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Malpractice Lawsuits

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is among the most common orthopaedic procedures, with its incidence doubling over the past decade. To date, no studies have analyzed litigation after ACL reconstruction. PURPOSE: To characterize the causes of malpractice litigation after ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A retrospective review of malpractice lawsuits after ACL reconstruction was performed using VerdictSearch, a large legal claims database encompassing nearly 180,000 legal cases, from February 1988 to May 2015. Settlement rates and physician loss rates were calculated along with 95% CIs for each complication type, and analysis of variance was used to compare all indemnity payments. RESULTS: Of a total 30 lawsuits, 5 (16.7%) settled out of court. The 3 most common complications leading to litigation were prolonged pain (n = 5, 16.7%), infection (n = 5, 16.7%), and malpositioned graft (n = 5, 16.7%). Of the 25 cases that went to court, 8 (32.0%) ended in favor of the plaintiff (physician loss). Damage to a neurovascular structure resulted in the highest indemnity payment (mean, $2,012,926 ± $1,076,530; P = .021). Lawsuits for which pain or loss of range of motion was the only complication were significantly more likely to end in a physician victory (P = .04) and lower indemnity payments ($87,500 vs $678,715, respectively). Cases that involved a surgical technical error were more likely to result in a physician loss (P = .01), with malpositioned grafts having a significantly higher loss rate than average (75% vs 32%, respectively). CONCLUSION: After ACL reconstruction, physicians are more likely to win malpractice suits if pain or limited range of motion is the only complaint and less likely to win if a surgical error was alleged. These findings may help to set patient expectations and provide adequate guidance during the informed consent process.