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A to I editing in disease is not fake news

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are zinc-containing enzymes that deaminate adenosine bases to inosines within dsRNA regions in transcripts. In short, structured dsRNA hairpins individual adenosine bases may be targeted specifically and edited with up to one hundred percent efficiency, lea...

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Autores principales: Bajad, Prajakta, Jantsch, Michael F., Keegan, Liam, O'Connell, Mary
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Taylor & Francis 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699539/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346055
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2017.1306173
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author Bajad, Prajakta
Jantsch, Michael F.
Keegan, Liam
O'Connell, Mary
author_facet Bajad, Prajakta
Jantsch, Michael F.
Keegan, Liam
O'Connell, Mary
author_sort Bajad, Prajakta
collection PubMed
description Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are zinc-containing enzymes that deaminate adenosine bases to inosines within dsRNA regions in transcripts. In short, structured dsRNA hairpins individual adenosine bases may be targeted specifically and edited with up to one hundred percent efficiency, leading to the production of alternative protein variants. However, the majority of editing events occur within longer stretches of dsRNA formed by pairing of repetitive sequences. Here, many different adenosine bases are potential targets but editing efficiency is usually much lower. Recent work shows that ADAR-mediated RNA editing is also required to prevent aberrant activation of antiviral innate immune sensors that detect viral dsRNA in the cytoplasm. Missense mutations in the ADAR1 RNA editing enzyme cause a fatal auto-inflammatory disease, Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) in affected children. In addition RNA editing by ADARs has been observed to increase in many cancers and also can contribute to vascular disease. Thus the role of RNA editing in the progression of various diseases can no longer be ignored. The ability of ADARs to alter the sequence of RNAs has also been used to artificially target model RNAs in vitro and in cells for RNA editing. Potentially this approach may be used to repair genetic defects and to alter genetic information at the RNA level. In this review we focus on the role of ADARs in disease development and progression and on their potential use to artificially modify RNAs in a targeted manner.
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spelling pubmed-56995392017-12-01 A to I editing in disease is not fake news Bajad, Prajakta Jantsch, Michael F. Keegan, Liam O'Connell, Mary RNA Biol Review Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are zinc-containing enzymes that deaminate adenosine bases to inosines within dsRNA regions in transcripts. In short, structured dsRNA hairpins individual adenosine bases may be targeted specifically and edited with up to one hundred percent efficiency, leading to the production of alternative protein variants. However, the majority of editing events occur within longer stretches of dsRNA formed by pairing of repetitive sequences. Here, many different adenosine bases are potential targets but editing efficiency is usually much lower. Recent work shows that ADAR-mediated RNA editing is also required to prevent aberrant activation of antiviral innate immune sensors that detect viral dsRNA in the cytoplasm. Missense mutations in the ADAR1 RNA editing enzyme cause a fatal auto-inflammatory disease, Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) in affected children. In addition RNA editing by ADARs has been observed to increase in many cancers and also can contribute to vascular disease. Thus the role of RNA editing in the progression of various diseases can no longer be ignored. The ability of ADARs to alter the sequence of RNAs has also been used to artificially target model RNAs in vitro and in cells for RNA editing. Potentially this approach may be used to repair genetic defects and to alter genetic information at the RNA level. In this review we focus on the role of ADARs in disease development and progression and on their potential use to artificially modify RNAs in a targeted manner. Taylor & Francis 2017-03-27 /pmc/articles/PMC5699539/ /pubmed/28346055 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2017.1306173 Text en © 2017 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis, LLC http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
spellingShingle Review
Bajad, Prajakta
Jantsch, Michael F.
Keegan, Liam
O'Connell, Mary
A to I editing in disease is not fake news
title A to I editing in disease is not fake news
title_full A to I editing in disease is not fake news
title_fullStr A to I editing in disease is not fake news
title_full_unstemmed A to I editing in disease is not fake news
title_short A to I editing in disease is not fake news
title_sort to i editing in disease is not fake news
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699539/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346055
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2017.1306173
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