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Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside

The large bowel shows biomolecular, anatomical and bacterial changes that proceed from the proximal to the distal tract. These changes account for the different behaviour of colon cancers arising from the diverse sides of the colon–rectum as well as for the sensitivity to the therapy, including immu...

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Autores principales: Merlano, Marco C, Granetto, Cristina, Fea, Elena, Ricci, Vincenzo, Garrone, Ornella
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5703395/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209524
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000218
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author Merlano, Marco C
Granetto, Cristina
Fea, Elena
Ricci, Vincenzo
Garrone, Ornella
author_facet Merlano, Marco C
Granetto, Cristina
Fea, Elena
Ricci, Vincenzo
Garrone, Ornella
author_sort Merlano, Marco C
collection PubMed
description The large bowel shows biomolecular, anatomical and bacterial changes that proceed from the proximal to the distal tract. These changes account for the different behaviour of colon cancers arising from the diverse sides of the colon–rectum as well as for the sensitivity to the therapy, including immunotherapy. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the modulation of the immune response and differs between the right colon cancer and the left colorectal cancer. The qualitative and quantitative difference of the commensal bacteria between the right side and the left side induces epigenetic changes in the intestinal epithelial cells as well as in the resident immune population. The second player in the pathological homeostasis of colorectal cancer is the differences of the genetic features of cancer cells and the different effects that microsatellite instability, chromosomal instability and the CpG island methylator phenotype induce on the immunological organisation of the tumour microenvironment. The third player is the immunological composition of the tumour microenvironment, which changes under the influence of both genetic structures and gut microbiota. All these three players influence each other. This review describes these three aspects, highlights their interactions and discusses data from reported clinical trials.
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spelling pubmed-57033952017-12-05 Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside Merlano, Marco C Granetto, Cristina Fea, Elena Ricci, Vincenzo Garrone, Ornella ESMO Open Review The large bowel shows biomolecular, anatomical and bacterial changes that proceed from the proximal to the distal tract. These changes account for the different behaviour of colon cancers arising from the diverse sides of the colon–rectum as well as for the sensitivity to the therapy, including immunotherapy. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the modulation of the immune response and differs between the right colon cancer and the left colorectal cancer. The qualitative and quantitative difference of the commensal bacteria between the right side and the left side induces epigenetic changes in the intestinal epithelial cells as well as in the resident immune population. The second player in the pathological homeostasis of colorectal cancer is the differences of the genetic features of cancer cells and the different effects that microsatellite instability, chromosomal instability and the CpG island methylator phenotype induce on the immunological organisation of the tumour microenvironment. The third player is the immunological composition of the tumour microenvironment, which changes under the influence of both genetic structures and gut microbiota. All these three players influence each other. This review describes these three aspects, highlights their interactions and discusses data from reported clinical trials. BMJ Publishing Group 2017-08-22 /pmc/articles/PMC5703395/ /pubmed/29209524 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000218 Text en © European Society for Medical Oncology (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
spellingShingle Review
Merlano, Marco C
Granetto, Cristina
Fea, Elena
Ricci, Vincenzo
Garrone, Ornella
Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
title Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
title_full Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
title_fullStr Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
title_full_unstemmed Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
title_short Heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
title_sort heterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5703395/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209524
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000218
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