GSK‐3β activation index is a potential indicator for recurrent inflammation of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps

Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is one of the most common otorhinolaryngologic diseases worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) was quantitatively evaluated in patients with CRSsNP (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20). The mRNA levels of GSK‐3α and GSK‐3β were examined by qPCR, the immunoreactivities of GSK‐3β and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, and the protein levels of GSK‐3β, phospho‐GSK‐3β (p‐GSK‐3β, s9) and NF‐κB were examined using Western blot analysis. We found that GSK‐3 was highly expressed in both CRSsNP and control groups without significant difference in both GSK‐3β mRNA and protein levels. However, when compared with healthy control group, the GSK‐3β activation index, defined as the ratio of GSK‐3β over p‐GSK‐3β, was significantly decreased, whereas the NF‐κB protein abundance was significantly increased in CRSsNP group (P < 0.05). Strikingly, the GSK‐3β activation index, was highly correlated with NF‐κB protein level, as well as CT scores in CRSsNP group (P < 0.05). It was also highly correlated with the mRNA expressions of inflammation‐related genes, including T‐bet, IFN‐γ and IL‐4 in CRSsNP group (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that GSK‐3β activation index, reflecting the inhibitory levels of GSK‐3β through phosphorylation, may be a potential indicator for recurrent inflammation of CRSsNP, and that the insufficient inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK‐3β may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CRSsNP.