Engineering the Surface/Interface Structures of Titanium Dioxide Micro and Nano Architectures towards Environmental and Electrochemical Applications

Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) materials have been intensively studied in the past years because of many varied applications. This mini review article focuses on TiO(2) micro and nano architectures with the prevalent crystal structures (anatase, rutile, brookite, and TiO(2)(B)), and summarizes the major advances in the surface and interface engineering and applications in environmental and electrochemical applications. We analyze the advantages of surface/interface engineered TiO(2) micro and nano structures, and present the principles and growth mechanisms of TiO(2) nanostructures via different strategies, with an emphasis on rational control of the surface and interface structures. We further discuss the applications of TiO(2) micro and nano architectures in photocatalysis, lithium/sodium ion batteries, and Li–S batteries. Throughout the discussion, the relationship between the device performance and the surface/interface structures of TiO(2) micro and nano structures will be highlighted. Then, we discuss the phase transitions of TiO(2) nanostructures and possible strategies of improving the phase stability. The review concludes with a perspective on the current challenges and future research directions.