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HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained?
The HIV pandemic is still a major global challenge, despite the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs. An effective vaccine would be the ideal approach to bringing the pandemic to an end. However, developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven to be an elusive goal. Three major human HIV v...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716971/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29250079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01715 |
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author | Hildreth, James E. K. |
author_facet | Hildreth, James E. K. |
author_sort | Hildreth, James E. K. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The HIV pandemic is still a major global challenge, despite the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs. An effective vaccine would be the ideal approach to bringing the pandemic to an end. However, developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven to be an elusive goal. Three major human HIV vaccine trials revealed a strong trend toward greater risk of infection among vaccine recipients versus controls. A similar observation was made in a macaque SIV vaccine study. The mechanism explaining this phenomenon is not known. Here, a model is presented that may explain the troubling results of vaccine studies and an immunological paradox of HIV pathogenesis: preferential infection of HIV-specific T cells. The central hypothesis of this perspective is that as “Trojan exosomes” HIV particles can directly activate HIV-specific T cells enhancing their susceptibility to infection. Understanding the biology of HIV as an exosome may provide insights that enable novel approaches to vaccine development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5716971 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-57169712017-12-15 HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? Hildreth, James E. K. Front Immunol Immunology The HIV pandemic is still a major global challenge, despite the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs. An effective vaccine would be the ideal approach to bringing the pandemic to an end. However, developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven to be an elusive goal. Three major human HIV vaccine trials revealed a strong trend toward greater risk of infection among vaccine recipients versus controls. A similar observation was made in a macaque SIV vaccine study. The mechanism explaining this phenomenon is not known. Here, a model is presented that may explain the troubling results of vaccine studies and an immunological paradox of HIV pathogenesis: preferential infection of HIV-specific T cells. The central hypothesis of this perspective is that as “Trojan exosomes” HIV particles can directly activate HIV-specific T cells enhancing their susceptibility to infection. Understanding the biology of HIV as an exosome may provide insights that enable novel approaches to vaccine development. Frontiers Media S.A. 2017-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC5716971/ /pubmed/29250079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01715 Text en Copyright © 2017 Hildreth. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Hildreth, James E. K. HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? |
title | HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? |
title_full | HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? |
title_fullStr | HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? |
title_full_unstemmed | HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? |
title_short | HIV As Trojan Exosome: Immunological Paradox Explained? |
title_sort | hiv as trojan exosome: immunological paradox explained? |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716971/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29250079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01715 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT hildrethjamesek hivastrojanexosomeimmunologicalparadoxexplained |