Chemotherapy induces ovarian cancer cell repopulation through the caspase 3-mediated arachidonic acid metabolic pathway

Recurrence is one of the major causes of high mortality in ovarian cancer. However, the mechanism of ovarian cancer recurrence after chemotherapy has not been fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chemotherapy-induced tumor microenvironment on the proliferation of SKOV3 cells. We have shown that SKOV3 cells repopulated faster in the culture medium from apoptotic SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells after 24 h of etoposide phosphate (VP-16) treatment. We found that during apoptosis, cleaved caspase 3 could activate cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A(2), which stimulated the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and triggered the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). An increased level of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) subsequently facilitated the reproliferation of SKOV3 cells, and VP-16-induced repopulation effects were partially reversed by the FAK inhibitor PF562271. Furthermore, the plasma AA-to-PGE(2) ratio and tumoral FAK expression of ovarian cancer patients after chemotherapy were significantly lower than those before chemotherapy. Taken together, our results indicate that chemotherapy-induced apoptotic cancer cells can produce PGE(2)-enriched microenvironment through caspase 3-mediated AA metabolic pathway, which could lead to the abnormal activation of FAK and eventually accelerate the repopulation of SKOV3 cells. Our study provides novel insight into a mechanism that may be utilized to prevent ovarian cancer recurrence in response to chemotherapy.