Longitudinal clinical and neuro-radiological findings in a patient with leukoencephalopathy with brain calcifications and cysts (Labrune syndrome)()

Since she was 4 years old, the patient had exhibited frequent convulsive seizures, and she experienced severe headaches and depression in adulthood. At the age of 37 years, cerebral calcifications were detected, but she exhibited no cognitive or motor problems. She suffered a cerebral haemorrhage at 49 years old and experienced cognitive dysfunction, dysarthria, dysphagia, and left-hemiparesis as sequelae. After undergoing gastrostomy, she exhibited very slow cognitive deterioration associated with speech disturbance over more than 10 years. She also gradually developed limb spasticity with Babinski signs. Repeated computerised tomography scans revealed unexpected changes including 2 cysts that appeared separately after small haemorrhages, an intracerebral haemorrhage, and intra-cyst bleeding. These longitudinal scans also showed progressive ventricular dilatation and expansion of the leukoencephalopathy, but there were no apparent changes in the intracranial calcifications. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed numerous microbleeds, and magnetic resonance angiography revealed irregularity of the cerebral artery walls with stoppage. Her SNORD118 gene exhibited compound heteromutation of c.38C > G and c.116G > C on different alleles. She was finally diagnosed with leukoencephalopathy with brain calcifications and cysts (Labrune syndrome) at the age of 61 years. Past reports have suggested that diffuse cerebral microangiopathy underlies Labrune syndrome's pathogenesis, but we speculate that cerebral macroangiopathy may also underlie it.